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英文文献：
Application Areas and Data Requirements for
BIM-Enabled Facilities Management
Burcin Becerik-Gerber, A.M.ASCE1 ; Farrokh Jazizadeh2 ; Nan Li3 ; and Gulben Calis4
Introduction
More often than not, owners and project stakeholders are focused on the initial construction costs of a project. However, the subsequent operation and maintenance costs of a building over the life of the building could amount to many times more than its initial construction cost. Effective maintenance and management of buildings could significantly reduce the $15.8 billion annual costs associated with inadequate interoperability, as reported by a NIST study (Gallaher et al. 2004). Building information modeling (BIM) is “a new approach to design, construction, and facilities management, in which a digital representation of the building process is used to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of information in digital format” (Eastman et al. 2008). In the construction industry there is a growing interest in the use of BIM in facilities management (FM) for coordinated, consistent, and computable building information/ knowledge management from design to construction to maintenance and operation stages of a buildingrsquo;s life cycle.
The information collected through a BIM process and stored in a BIM-compliant database could be beneficial for a variety of FM practices, such as commissioning and closeout, quality control and assurance, energy management, maintenance and repair, and space management. However, the building information needs to be integrated or compatible with the FM information systems, such as computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS), electronic document management systems (EDMS), energy management systems (EMS), and building automation systems (BAS). Although these FM information systems support FM practices individually, required data is fragmented between the systems; even worse, the data is entered manually after the hand over of a building, which is a laborious and inefficient process. Building information modeling promises to get initial data to FM systems and also support and enhance other functions of FM through its advanced visualization and analysis capabilities. The use of BIM during the design and construction stages has received tremendous attention from the research and the professional communities. Researchers have focused on BIM-enabled design (Eastman et al. 2008; Khanzode et al. 2008; Khemlani 2009), automated cost estimation (Eastman et al. 2008; Kiziltas and Akinci 2010), visualization of process status (Babic et al. 2010; Sacks et al. 2009, 2010b), and virtual prototyping (Eastman et al. 2008). Maintenance of information using BIM has also been one of the most commonly researched areas (Hwang and Liu 2010; Lu and Korman 2010; Singh et al. 2011; Tatum and Korman 2000). Meanwhile, BIM implementations have also been extended to maintainability checking (Dehlin and Olofsson 2008; Eastman et al. 2008; Leite et al. 2009). Recently, with the growing interest in and the impact of sustainable practices, the use of BIM in energy analysis (Cho et al. 2010; Stumpf et al. 2009) and sustainability (Arayici et al. 2011; Barnes and Castro-Lacouture 2009; Cho et al. 2010; Sacks et al. 2010a, b) has been central in research and practice.
Although there is agreement about BIMrsquo;s potential applicability and benefits in the FM stage, and there are some pioneering FM organizations pushing the use of BIM for this, it is still unclear how BIM could be used and what the requirements arefor successful BIM implementations in FM. This paper aims to understand the level of industry interest in implementing BIM in building operations and maintenance, and identifies potential application areas and preliminary data and process requirements to support successful BIM implementations. The paper argues that a BIM model needs to be seen as an individual building asset and it introduces a novel data structure for nongeometric data requirements for BIM models to be used during FM. The subsequent sections of this paper describe the objectives, motivation, and methodology of the research, and they outline the current status of BIM implementation in FM, introduce the application areas for leveraging BIM in FM, and establish the data requirements for BIM-enabled FM.
Research Objectives and Motivation
Rapid advances in BIM offer new opportunities to improve FM processes and enhance the use of project information, not only during design and construction, but also throughout projectrsquo;s life cycle. There are some pioneering organizations pushing the use of BIM, but industry-wide adoption of BIM in FM has not been embraced yet. One of the primary motivators for stakeholders in FM is the opportunity for direct gains and benefits in their operations. Although this topic attracted attention in both academic circles and the private consulting industry, there are no studies that would spur the industry stakeholders toward faster adoption of BIM in FM. There is a lack of understanding as to where BIM can provide benefits to FM practices, what some of the challenges are, and what the expected value is. This study aims to provide an overview for the current implementation status of BIM in FM and tries to outline opportunities and challenges for the use of BIM in FM practices. The specific goals of this study are (1) to explore the current status of BIM implementation in FM, (2) to set examples of BIM implementation and use for FM functions, and (3) to provide a set of data and process requirements for resource planning.
Research Methodology
Since the implementation of BIM is still new in the operations and maintenance stage, there is little empirical data on this topic. To garner data, the authors used a number of research methods that build on each other. First, pers
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