The role of Chinese government in the supply of urban low-income groups
Keywords: government, low-income, housing, urbanization
Abstract: In recent years, the development of Chinas real estate industry with the improvement of the domestic economic level has a relatively stable and prosperous scene. However, the housing supply shortage of urban low-income groups is still not improved, and the reasons are directly or indirectly related to policies, object definition, supply situation, credit mechanism and other aspects. In the face of this serious problem, the government should play its leading role, target the target, adhere to the correct play the role of the market, strengthen the understanding of laws and regulations and credit mechanism, and strengthen the low-income groups in various forms of housing purchase ability, so as to build a variety of resources allocation ways mutually complementary urban housing supply system.
1.Introduction: Since the beginning of the new century, Chinas rapid economic growth has also driven the rapid development of the real estate industry. The real estate industry, as the leader of the tertiary industry, has been identified as a new economic growth point. The state is taking various measures to encourage and support the development of the real estate industry, and the real estate industry in China will enter a period of great development and improvement. However, the construction of a large number of new houses has not completely solved the housing problem of urban low-income groups.
Since the implementation of the housing system reform in 1998, China has established a system of affordable housing and low-rent housing. After more than 10 years of exploration has made certain achievements. Suzhou, as an area with a large housing demand in China, issued the housing security development plan of suzhou city (district) (2016-2020) in 2015, which made detailed explanations in terms of security methods, security objects and security conditions. From the policy to better provide housing for low-income groups in suzhou city.
Therefore, it is urgent for China to establish a mature and perfect housing security system for low-income groups. Solving the housing problem of urban low-income groups is also of great significance to social development and national stability.
2. Problems in Chinas urbanization
2.1 Urbanization
China has been trying to mitigate its low-income housing problem for more than two decades. Urbanization has made the problem even more challenging.
The National Bureau of Statistics of China defines urban low-income households as those whose incomes are in the lowest twenty percentile of all households.
2.2 Low-income housing 'security system'
Chinas urban low-income housing “indemnification system” which began more than two decades ago has improved as low-income households increase with rapid urbanization. The system features three facilities: low-rent housing, affordable housing and public-rental housing. Two main groups of people occupy Chinarsquo;s low-income urban households: registered urban households and nonregistered migrant workers. Government housing subsidies to the two household are quite different because only the public-rental housing program offers assistance to migrant workers.
2.3City Account and others
Urban Chinarsquo;s low-income population can be divided into two groups: urban permanent residents who have government registration as city-residents (city account) and thus have citizenship and benefits; and migrant workers who do not have city account, citizenship and benefits. They are from rural areas and work in cities for companies in construction, services and manufacturing industries, or work individually as small vendors or hourly workers.
3. Low-income group
3.1 Unemployment, off-employment
The urban poor include the unemployed, off-employed, disabled and living alone,and other low-income people. In particular,millions of middle-aged state enterprise employees that were permanently laid off when many companies went bankrupt or semi-bankrupt in the 1990s as part of Chinarsquo;s economic reform.
These off-employment people received very low payments from their former employers and were not old enough for government pensions (like the U.S. Social Security). They continued living in tiny apartments with out-of-date facilities in obsolete buildings and do not have the means to improve their housing conditions.
3.2Migrant workers
The migrant workers urban housing problems are even worse. According to the Construction Ministrys “Research Report on the Solutions for Migrant Workersrsquo; Housing Problems”, the average housing area per migrant worker was far less than for registered urban permanent residents.
For example, 47 per cent of Shanghai migrant workers live in less than seven square meters per person, and 29.8 per cent live in eight to ten square meters, while registered urban residents have more than twice the area. The living environment, facilities and community management in the migrant workers communities are also very poor.
With rapid urbanization, migrant workersrsquo; housing is deteriorating because city reconstruction and expansion continually eliminates shack zones in suburban areas, and because migrant worker populations are growing by 10 million per year and they can only afford low-quality rental housing.
4.Indemnificatory housing system
4.1 Policy evolution
Housing indemnification system initiation and framework The housing indemnification system started in 1979 and experienced four stages. During the initial stage from 1979 to 1991, China launched
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The role of Chinese government in the supply of urban low-income groups
Keywords: government, low-income, housing, urbanization
Abstract: In recent years, the development of Chinas real estate industry with the improvement of the domestic economic level has a relatively stable and prosperous scene. However, the housing supply shortage of urban low-income groups is still not improved, and the reasons are directly or indirectly related to policies, object definition, supply situation, credit mechanism and other aspects. In the face of this serious problem, the government should play its leading role, target the target, adhere to the correct play the role of the market, strengthen the understanding of laws and regulations and credit mechanism, and strengthen the low-income groups in various forms of housing purchase ability, so as to build a variety of resources allocation ways mutually complementary urban housing supply system.
1.Introduction: Since the beginning of the new century, Chinas rapid economic growth has also driven the rapid development of the real estate industry. The real estate industry, as the leader of the tertiary industry, has been identified as a new economic growth point. The state is taking various measures to encourage and support the development of the real estate industry, and the real estate industry in China will enter a period of great development and improvement. However, the construction of a large number of new houses has not completely solved the housing problem of urban low-income groups.
Since the implementation of the housing system reform in 1998, China has established a system of affordable housing and low-rent housing. After more than 10 years of exploration has made certain achievements. Suzhou, as an area with a large housing demand in China, issued the housing security development plan of suzhou city (district) (2016-2020) in 2015, which made detailed explanations in terms of security methods, security objects and security conditions. From the policy to better provide housing for low-income groups in suzhou city.
Therefore, it is urgent for China to establish a mature and perfect housing security system for low-income groups. Solving the housing problem of urban low-income groups is also of great significance to social development and national stability.
2. Problems in Chinas urbanization
2.1 Urbanization
China has been trying to mitigate its low-income housing problem for more than two decades. Urbanization has made the problem even more challenging.
The National Bureau of Statistics of China defines urban low-income households as those whose incomes are in the lowest twenty percentile of all households.
2.2 Low-income housing 'security system'
Chinas urban low-income housing “indemnification system” which began more than two decades ago has improved as low-income households increase with rapid urbanization. The system features three facilities: low-rent housing, affordable housing and public-rental housing. Two main groups of people occupy Chinarsquo;s low-income urban households: registered urban households and nonregistered migrant workers. Government housing subsidies to the two household are quite different because only the public-rental housing program offers assistance to migrant workers.
2.3City Account and others
Urban Chinarsquo;s low-income population can be divided into two groups: urban permanent residents who have government registration as city-residents (city account) and thus have citizenship and benefits; and migrant workers who do not have city account, citizenship and benefits. They are from rural areas and work in cities for companies in construction, services and manufacturing industries, or work individually as small vendors or hourly workers.
3. Low-income group
3.1 Unemployment, off-employment
The urban poor include the unemployed, off-employed, disabled and living alone,and other low-income people. In particular,millions of middle-aged state enterprise employees that were permanently laid off when many companies went bankrupt or semi-bankrupt in the 1990s as part of Chinarsquo;s economic reform.
These off-employment people received very low payments from their former employers and were not old enough for government pensions (like the U.S. Social Security). They continued living in tiny apartments with out-of-date facilities in obsolete buildings and do not have the means to improve their housing conditions.
3.2Migrant workers
The migrant workers urban housing problems are even worse. According to the Construction Ministrys “Research Report on the Solutions for Migrant Workersrsquo; Housing Problems”, the average housing area per migrant worker was far less than for registered urban permanent residents.
For example, 47 per cent of Shanghai migrant workers live in less than seven square meters per person, and 29.8 per cent live in eight to ten square meters, while registered urban residents have more than twice the area. The living environment, facilities and community management in the migrant workers communities are also very poor.
With rapid urbanization, migrant workersrsquo; housing is deteriorating because city reconstruction and expansion continually eliminates shack zones in suburban areas, and because migrant worker populations are growing by 10 million per year and they can only afford low-quality rental housing.
4.Indemnificatory housing system
4.1 Policy evolution
Housing indemnification system initiation and framework The housing indemnification system started in 1979 and experienced four stages. During the initial stage from 1979 to 1991, China launched
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