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User-centered design and evaluation of a next generation fixed-split ergonomic keyboard
Abstract.：
Objective: Research has shown that fixed-split ergonomic keyboards lessen the pain and functional status in symptomatic individuals as well as reduce the likelihood of developing musculoskeletal disorders in asymptomatic typists over extended use.
The goal of this study was to evaluate design features to determine whether the current fixed-split ergonomic keyboard design could be improved.
Participants: Thirty-nine, adult-aged, fixed-split ergonomic keyboard users were recruited to participate in one of three studies.
Methods: First utilizing non-functional models and later a functional prototype, three studies evaluated keyboard design features including: 1) keyboard lateral inclination, 2) wrist rest height, 3) keyboard slope, and 4) curved “gull-wing” key layouts. Results: The findings indicated that keyboard lateral inclination could be increased from 8◦ to 14◦; wrist rest height could be increased up to 10 mm from current setting; positive, flat, and negative slope settings were equally preferred and facilitated greater postural variation; and participants preferred a new gull-wing key layout. The design changes reduced forearm pronation and wrist extension while not adversely affecting typing performance.
Conclusions: This research demonstrated how iterative-evaluative, user-centered research methods can be utilized to improve a productrsquo;s design such as a fixed-split ergonomic keyboard.
基于以用户为中心为理念设计和评估下一代固定分裂式人体工程学键盘
摘要：
目的：研究表明，固定分裂式人体工程学键盘可减少个人疼痛和功能状态，以及降低无症状键盘使用者在长期使用中出现肌肉骨骼疾病的可能性。
这项研究的目的是评估设计特征，以判断当前的固定分裂人体工程学键盘设计是否可以改进。
参与者：招募了三十九名成年人，固定分裂人体工程学键盘用户参与三项研究中的一项。
方法：首先利用非功能性模型和以后的功能性原型，三个研究评估了键盘设计特征，包括：
1）键盘的侧倾角（横向），
2）手腕部的高度，3）键盘倾斜度（纵向），
4）弯曲“鸥翼”键布局。
结果：结果表明，键盘横向倾斜可以从8°增加到14°;腕部高度可从当前设置增加到10 mm；正，平和负斜率设置同样优选，并促进更舒适的姿势变化;
参与者更喜欢新的鸥翼键布局。
设计减少前臂内旋和手腕伸展，同时不会对打字效率产生不利影响。
结论：这项研究表明，迭代评价，以用户为中心的研究方法可以用于改进产品的设计，如固定分裂人体工程学键盘。
1. Introduction
Fixed-split ergonomic keyboards were introduced in the mid-1990s with the design based on the findings of several investigators [3,6,8,14].
As shown in Fig. 1, the notable design characteristics of a fixed-split keyboard included separating and opening the alphanumeric section into two dedicated halves for the left and right hands (i.e., opening angle),
tenting the left and right alphanumeric halves to form a peak or tent in the middle of the keyboard (i.e., lateral inclination), providing a built in wrist rest, and user-adjustable legs on the underside for flat (0◦) and positive slopes.
Because the left and right hands address the keyboard at roughly equal and opposite angles, splitting the keyboard into left and right halves was intended to reduce ulnar deviation.
The tenting of the two alphanumeric sections was intended to reduce forearm pronation.
Finally, the purpose of the built-in wrist rest was to reduce wrist extension. These design enhancements improved wrist postures and were thought to reduce the exposure to known risk factors which can lead to upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders [5,9,11,17,18].
Additionally, fixed-split ergonomic keyboards have been shown to reduce muscle strain [16], improve the health of those persons with hand pain [17], and reduce the incidence of new musculoskeletal disorders among an asymptomatic population after extended use [12].
1简介
固定分裂人体工程学键盘在20世纪90年代中期被引入，其设计基于几个研究者的发现[3,6,8,14]
如图图1所示，固定分离式键盘的显着设计特性包括将字母数字分离和打开为用于左手和右手的两个专用半部（即，打开角度），
将左和右字母数字对半组合以在键盘中间形成峰或帐篷（即，横向侧倾），提供内置腕托，用户可调节的支撑架在平面（0°）和正斜率的底部。
因为左手和右手以大致相等和相反的角度寻址键盘，所以将键盘分为左半部和右半部旨在减小尺骨偏差。
两个字母数字部分的隆起旨在减少小臂旋前。
最后，内置腕托的目的是减少手腕伸展。这些设计增强改善手腕姿势，并被认为可以减少已知的不良影响，这可能导致上肢肌肉骨骼疾病[5,9,11,17,18]。
此外，固定分裂的人体工程学键盘已被证明可以减少肌肉劳损[16]，改善这些人的健康的手痛[17]，并减少新的肌肉骨骼疾病的发生率无症状人群中延长使用[12]。
Fig. 1. Picture showing the design characteristics contained in most fixed-split ergonomic keyboards including:
1) the splitting of the alphanumeric sections of the keyboard into two halves creating an opening angle,
2) tenting the keyboard halves so the keys slope up forming a peak in the middle (i.e., lateral inclination),
3) flip down legs on underside (out of view) for slope, and
4) the built-in wrist rest to provide wrist support.
Microsoft Natural Keyboard shown in photo.
While variations of the fixed-split keyboard have evolved over the years, the original keyboard geometry has remained relatively unchanged. The purpose of this research was to determine whether the design of the current fixed-split keyboard could be improved. For example, could non-neutral postures be further reduced by exploring more dramatic design geometries? Could reach distances to the keys on the periphery of the keyboard be further reduced by altering horizontal and vertical planer key surface geometries? Do further design innovations remain unrealized?
Basic research evaluated the fundamental design of the fixed-split keyboards to identify opportunities for design evolution and improvement. An experiment was conducted at the University of Californiarsquo;s Ergonomics Lab to evaluate alternative lateral inclination angles, opening angles, and spacing of the keyboard halves. The results suggested that a steeper lateral inclination angle of 12◦ was preferred by touch typists, while further reducing wrist pronation, compared to the lateral inclination angle of 8◦ on the commercially available, fixed-split keyboards at the time .
图.1.显示包含在大多数固定分裂的人体工程学键盘中的设计特征的图片，包括：
1）将键盘的字母数字部分分成两半，形成打开角度;
2）使键盘半部隆起，使得键向上倾斜形成峰值中间（即，横向侧倾），
3）在下侧（在视图外）的向下翻转的支撑架用于斜坡，以及
4）内置腕托以提供腕部支撑。
在照片中显示的Microsoft自然键盘。
尽管固定分离键盘的变化多年来发展，但
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