苗族蜡染艺术在民宿空间设计中的应用外文翻译资料

 2022-11-12 20:07:56

The first has to do with the batik, Indonesian cloth decorated through the wax-resist method of dyeing and imprinting design on textile. In the past, batik had strong royal and ritual connections. Some batik styles were for the exclusive use of Javanese aristocrats and worn only on ceremonial occasions. Others figured in community rituals where they assumed various functions, e.g., to heal the sick or to serve as talisman (Kerlogue 2004: 11–12). The patterns found in traditional batik, which consist of plant and animal motifs as well asgeometric forms, have symbolic meanings and associations. These motifs allude to Hindu epics, creatures of the natural world, even melodies from gamelan music. In some areas, the colours used may represent stages in a womans life cycle (Richter 1994: 90–91). In the past, in Central Java, batik patterns also indicated distinctions of social rank (Jessup 1990: 140). Thus, the symbolic load of the traditional batik clearly declares its link to history, mythology and social practices.

This cultural association is largely lost today, according to Kerlogue, who claims that 'Many Javanese have no knowledge of the significance of batik patterns' and 'those who do will interpret them in different ways, and will probably refer to a patterns character rather than its meaning' (Kerlogue 2004: 76). Kerlogue attributes this to a development in batik production which began way back in the middle of the 19th century when the use of a copper stamp known as cap was introduced as a more efficient way to apply the wax to the cloth. This new technology led to the rise of batik factories, established mostly by Chinese and Arab entrepreneurs, where men assumed the principal role in production. Before this innovation, batik was waxed by hand with an implement called canting, and batik production was an almost exclusive preserve of women who worked on it at home. With the displacement of this traditional context of production by a new mode of manufacture, the ritual and symbolic weight of the batik began to diminish.

Another and more recent development may be cited to illustrate a new dimension in Indonesian batik. Today, around the kraton (sultans palace) of Yogyakarta, there is a thriving colony of artists who produce lukisan batik, which are meant to be framed and displayed on walls. Done in the traditional manner of handpainted batik (batik tulis), many of them employ designs and images obviously or primarily meant for the consumption of foreigners. Pictures of pleasant landscapes or rural scenes, idealised native portraits, and modernistic sketches verging on abstraction dominate, with many of the pieces embellished with glitters

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Delfin Tolentino, Jr.

intended to maximise commercial appeal.5 Painting styles learned from exposure to Western art are evident. Many of the works now also carry the signature of their makers, betraying a Western predilection for art or craftwork of known provenance. In these paintings, the ancient and often esoteric associations of batik often give way to the instant recognition permitted by images that conform to the taste of outsiders, who are usually concerned only with the decorative and who thus refuse to be encumbered with the demands of the unfamiliar.

The second Indonesian cultural form that I would like to cite is the topeng (mask), used in the wayang topeng or Javanese masked dances revolving around the lives of ancient Javanese royalty. Many of these focus on the prince Panji and how he regains power and reclaims his lost beloved. Others are based on historical narratives drawn from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the classical Hindu epics whose tales continue to serve as fodder to the native artistic imagination (Fischer 1994: 18–20; Richter 1994: 136; Wagner 1959: 168). Given the wide range of personages that figure in these dance dramas—incarnations of gods and goddesses, royalties, demons, animals, and an assortment of stock characters—the wayang topeng boasts of a large inventory of masks. Some old specimens have taken on mythical proportions. There are masks known to induce trances, and some are revered like idols.

Like the batik, and also like the very popular wayang kulit, Indonesian shadow plays, the wayang topeng is an ancient tradition. We also see in it a close association between cultural form, history, social values, and religious beliefs. Despite the popularity and pervasiveness of cinema and teledramas, these masked performances have remained.6 Yet, there are signs that the wayang topeng, like many aspects of traditional culture, is an endangered form. Though they are still held in the kraton of Yogyakarta and in villages elsewhere in Java, where the spectators could somehow still identify with the tales that they depict, these masked dramas are on the decline, and are more and more frequently associated with tourist spectacles, per-formed in spaces designed for the display of native exotica.

The center of topeng production is Yogyakarta,7 where mask workshops can still be found in the vicinity of the kraton. Today, however, what mostly fill up the shops and souvenir stalls from Jakarta to Bali are not the traditional topeng, but the modern commercial batik masks, so called because they are distinguished by their handpainted designs which are derived from batik patterns. These contemporary masks, obviously designed for sale to tourists, souvenir-hunters, and interior designers are prettified versions of the traditional topeng. Alluding neither to history or folk mythology, and irrelevant t

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第一种是用蜡染、印染法装饰印染的印尼布。在过去,蜡染有很强的皇室和仪式的联系。有些蜡染风格专供爪哇贵族使用,仅在礼仪场合穿。其他人则在社区仪式中发挥各种作用,例如治愈病人或充当护身符(Kerlogue 2004:11-12)。在传统蜡染中发现的图案,包括植物和动物图案以及几何形式,具有象征意义和联想。这些主题暗示印度教史诗,自然界的生物,甚至旋律的伽美拉音乐。在某些地区,使用的颜色可能代表妇女生命周期的各个阶段(Richter 1994:90-91)。过去,在中爪哇,蜡染图案也显示出社会等级的不同(Jessup 1990:140)。因此,传统蜡染的象征性负载清楚地表明了它与历史、神话和社会实践的联系。

Kerlogue声称“许多爪哇人不知道蜡染图案的意义”和“那些这样做的人会用不同的方式来解释它们,很可能是指一个图案的特征而不是它的含义”(Kerlogue 2004:76)。Kerlogue将此归因于蜡染生产的发展,这一发展始于19世纪中叶,当时,人们开始使用铜制印花帽,认为这是一种更有效地将蜡涂在布上的方法。这项新技术导致了蜡染工厂的兴起,这些工厂主要是由中国和阿拉伯企业家建立的,在那里,男人在生产中扮演着主要角色。在这一创新之前,蜡染是用一种名为“斜纹”的工具手工打蜡的,而蜡染制品几乎是那些在家从事蜡染的妇女的专属领地。随着这种传统的生产环境被一种新的制造方式所取代,蜡染的仪式和象征性的重量开始减少。

另一个也是最近的发展可以被引用来说明印度尼西亚蜡染的一个新的方面。今天,在日惹的克瑞顿(苏丹的宫殿)周围,有一个繁荣昌盛的艺术家群体,他们生产卢基桑蜡染,这些蜡染将被框起来并陈列在墙上。传统的手绘蜡染(蜡染图里斯),他们中的许多采用明显的设计和图像,或主要是为了供外国人消费。令人愉快的风景或乡村场景的图片,理想化的本土肖像,以及接近抽象的现代主义素描,占据主导地位,许多作品都装饰着闪闪发光的图案。为了最大限度地提高商业吸引力,从西方艺术中学到的绘画风格是显而易见的。现在,许多作品还带有造物主的签名,背叛了西方对艺术或已知起源的手工艺的偏爱。在这些绘画中,古老而又往往是深奥的蜡染协会往往让位于符合外人口味的图像所允许的即时识别,这些人通常只关心装饰,因此拒绝被不熟悉的人的要求所束缚。

我想引用的第二种印尼文化形式是“托彭”(面具),它用在爪哇人围绕古代皇室生活的蒙面舞蹈中。其中许多都集中在潘吉王子身上,以及他是如何重新获得权力和找回他失去的爱人的。另一些故事则基于拉马亚纳和摩哈婆罗多的历史叙述,这是一部经典的印度教史诗,其故事继续为土著人的艺术想象提供素材(Fischer 1994:18-20;Richter 1994:136;Wagner 1959:168)。鉴于在这些舞剧中有各种各样的人物-神和女神的化身,版税,恶魔,动物,以及各种各样的股票人物-“魔兽世界”号称有大量的面具。一些古老的标本具有神话般的比例。人们知道有些面具能引起恍惚,有些面具像偶像一样被尊崇。

像蜡染一样,也像很受欢迎的武朗库利特,印度尼西亚的皮影戏,是一种古老的传统。我们也看到了文化形式、历史、社会价值观和宗教信仰之间的密切联系。尽管电影和电视的流行和普及,这些蒙面表演仍然存在。然而,有迹象表明,与传统文化的许多方面一样,“红楼梦”是一种濒临灭绝的形式。尽管他们仍然被关押在日惹的克瑞顿和爪哇的其他村庄,在那里,观众们仍然能从某种程度上认同他们所描绘的故事,但这些蒙面剧正在衰落,而且越来越频繁地与游客的眼镜联系在一起,按照为展示本土异国风情而设计的空间设计。

托彭生产的中心是日惹,在那里仍然可以在克瑞顿附近找到面具工场。然而,如今,从雅加达到巴厘岛的商店和纪念品摊大多都不是传统的托彭,而是现代商业蜡染面具,因为它们的手绘图案是从蜡染图案中衍生出来的。这些现代面具,显然是为了出售给游客,纪念品猎人,和室内设计师是传统的拓朴的美化版本。它们既不涉及历史或民间神话,也不涉及戏剧或舞蹈表演,它们具有纯粹的装饰目的。然而,它们与先前形式的联系并没有完全割裂。由于它们保留了传统面具的某些文体特征,并采用了从另一种民间形式中借用的设计元素,因此它们仍然植根于一种明显的爪哇文化中。

文化变迁与自我表征

我刚才描述的来自伊福高和日惹的案例,谈到了当一种文化与另一种文化接触时发生的文化变化,以及现代性因素侵入传统生活时所发生的变化。在一夫高的问题上,我们有一个民族群体在一个国家领土内与一个占统治地位的多数群体互动和行动,一个进一步受到外国因素直接或调解形式影响和控制的社会。在日惹,我们有一个拥有丰富和高度发达文化的占主导地位的多数社会。但是,受其过去的殖民经验和当今对外国市场和文化的影响。

我们现在可以考虑所列举的各种形式的文化变革的性质,并确定它们所代表的问题,以及这些问题与族裔问题的联系。在这里,我借用纳尔逊·格拉伯恩在他关于艺术、沟通和种族的讨论中使用的一些类别(Graburn 1976:23-30),强调“同化和抵抗的运动”,可以在这些形式的文化变化中被认可。

我已经说过,人们制造、获取或包围自己的物质对象是他们个人身份和群体归属的表现。在人们所假定的社会身份中,族裔是最重要的之一,因为它区分了一个特定的群体和其他群体,并通过这样做为凝聚力提供了基础。一个民族在试图理解他们在这个世界上的存在时所创造的物质对象或文化形式,以及当他们对不断变化或变化的环境进行调整时重新创造出来的,是对既有的和正在出现的种族的投射。

对象在不同程度上代表了种族。当然,作为民族标志的艺术品在格拉本所称的“内在指导艺术”中最为明显,在这些社会中,人们为自己制作的物品具有社会、政治和伦理功能(Graburn 1976:4-5)。例如,“白头翁”是伊福高宗教信仰的一种表达。作为在农业和其他仪式中使用的一种神圣化的形象,布尔-尔谈到祖先崇拜或相信超自然干预,因为这是在一个仪式系统和一个复杂的万神殿的土生土长。它使伊福高人具有外部身份,因为它不仅使他们有别于主流社会,而且使他们有别于邻近(和类似于小众的)文化社区,即不存在布尔-ul或类似对象的文化社区(例如,坎卡纳-伊的蒂纳塔古),生活在邻近山区省的另一个土著群体),其职能不等同于在Ifugao社会中的布尔-ul所发挥的作用。同样,印度尼西亚传统的蜡染和托邦也是外在特征的标志,因为它们是爪哇人特有的文化表达的方面,植根于古老的传统,表达了对爪哇人生活必不可少的价值观或信仰。

这些种族标志的一个有趣的方面出现在它们与社会的传统联系丧失或改变时,或它们被用于其他目的时。“头像”的制作至今仍在继续,但现在制作的大部分雕刻不再是为了仪式目的,而是出售给游客和收藏家-这种情况在世界上许多其他地方也是如此。9因为它们不是为了履行任何宗教功能,这些肖像画不必经过精心制作的一系列仪式,这些仪式参加了传统的木雕和祭祀仪式。因此,他们完全脱离了他们原来的意义网络。白头翁也变异了。与仪式的联系被切断,未神圣的白头翁被从风格规范的限制中解放出来,产生了看起来很好的偶像和观赏性的特征。从一个独立雕塑,它也已成为一个反复出现的主题,作为设计元素或装饰浮雕在各种类型的物品甚至在纪念品小饰品,如吊坠和钥匙链。10.这样,白头翁就被解除了神圣化和美学化。

尽管如此,它仍然是族裔的标志,在社区内外发挥着象征性的作用。事实上,现在最突出的也许是这种象征性的功能。虽然伊福高人不会像对待神圣的人那样对待商业上的宗教,但他们不会把它视为与他们的社会无关的东西。与原住民的宗教意义无关,商业的“白头翁”保留了一种表现力的价值,这与伊福高人对自己创造力的感觉紧密相连,11同时它也谈到了他们当代的自我感知和他们对自己独特的持久感觉。它被用来装饰公共空间,在那里,民族精神的投射被认为是可取的。作为样式形式出现在徽标和印章以及装饰挂毯等新的物品中,作为当地身份的标志。

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