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溢油遥感综述
Merv Fingas , Carl Brown
摘要：对石油泄漏的遥感进行总结。 可见技术的使用是很普遍的，但它只能提供与视觉监控相同的结果。 石油在许多可能存在的背景因素干扰下并没有特定的光谱特征来识别。 相机仅用于提供记录。 在白天，油吸收光并且在温度高于环境温度3-8K时会将其作为热能释放出来，这可以通过红外（IR）相机检测到。
激光氟传感器是有用的仪器，因为它们能够识别包括水，土壤，杂草，冰和雪在内的背景的独特能力。 它们是唯一能够在大多数背景下正确分辨出石油的传感器。 由于石油会在低到中等的波浪或风力条件下抑制水面毛细波，因此雷达可以检测到水中的油。 雷达提供了大面积搜索，昼夜搜索和恶劣天气遥感的唯一可能。
关键词：溢油遥感 激光氟传感器 油检测 溢油监控 溢油厚度测量
目录
1.介绍hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;10
2.光学遥感hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.10
2.1油的光学性质hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..10
2.2可见的遥感hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.11
2.3红外线hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.12
2.4近红外hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.13
2.5紫外线hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.13
2.6在光学区域运行的卫星hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.13
3.激光氟传感器hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;14
4.微波传感器hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.14
4.1被动微波传感器hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..14
4.2雷达hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;14
4.3卫星雷达系统hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;15
4.4雷达图像处理hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;16
4.4.1质量评估hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.16
4.4.2斑点去除hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.16
4.4.3噪音去除hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;16
4.4.4风场消除hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.16
4.4.5GIS去除已知的海岸线和其他影响hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.16
4.4.6边缘检测hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.16
4.4.7纹理分析hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.16
4.4.8形状分析hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.16
4.4.9模糊逻辑hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.16
4.4.10神经网络hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.16
4.4.11 其他hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;16
4.4.12 自动系统hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;17
4.5 船载雷达溢油监测hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..17
5 油膜厚度测量hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.17
5.1 被动微波hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..17
5.2 声学传播时间hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..17
5.3 视觉hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.17
5.4 近红外吸收hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;18
5.5 红外hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.18
5.6 激光三角hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..18
5.7 雷达偏振测量hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..18
5.8吸收剂或石油回收hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.18
5.9 传播速度和波浪遏制hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.18
5.10 光谱差异hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;19
5.11 雷达表面阻尼hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;19
5.12油和水之间的光极化差异hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.19
5.13 激光荧光hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;19
5.14水拉曼抑制hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..19
5.15导电性hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;..19
5.16激光干涉测量hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.19
5.17超声hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.19
5.18导热时间hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.19
6 监测水柱和海底的油hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;19
6.1 超声波hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;19
6.2激光氟传感器hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;20
6.3 相机hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.20
6.4 化学分析hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.20
7在冰下或雪下探测油hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.20
8 总结hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;.20
参考文献hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;20
1.引言
遥感是溢油应对的重要组成部分。 公众和媒体监督通常在大量泄漏事件发生后非常激烈，要求确切了解溢油的位置和范围。 通过使用现代遥感仪器，可以在公海24小时监测石油（Robbe and Hengstermann，2006）。 凭借灵活的位置和移动知识，响应人员可以更有效地规划对策，以减少污染的影响。 遥感的另一个作用是检测非法排放，特别是考虑到与这种排放相关的大量海鸟死亡率(Orsquo;Hara et al.,2013)。
最常见的溢油监测和测绘形式有时仍采用简单的静止或视频摄影进行。 飞机（包括无人驾驶飞行器（UAVs）即无人机的遥感仍然是最常见的溢油跟踪形式。 使用雷达传感器的卫星遥感也正在逐渐成为一种常用技术。 使用视觉卫星遥感进行石油泄漏的尝试尽管成功率并不一定如所声称的那样，并且通常仅仅限于识别已知发生溢油地点的特征。
由于传感器或传感器系统的效用最好的定义是这样，因此将遥感的用途划分为最终用途或目标很重要。 用于日常监视的溢油遥感系统与用于检测石油的系统对于海岸线或土地确实不同。 一种工具不适用于所有功能。 实际上，对于给定一个功能，可能需要许多类型的系统。 此外，有必要考虑数据的最终用途。 数据的最终用途，无论是泄漏的位置，执行还是对清理的支持，都可能会决定所需数据的解决方案或性质。
溢油遥感有几个广泛的用途：
1.溢油绘图。
2.监控和普通油膜检测。
3.提供起诉的证据。
4.执行船舶卸货法。
5.溢油应对措施的方向。
6.确定油膜的轨迹。
几个关于溢油遥感的综合评论已经存在（Fingas和Brown，2011; Leifer等，2012; Robbe和Hengstermann，2006）。 这些评论通常表明，与通常为其他目的而设计的现成传感器相比，专用传感器更占优势。
2.光学遥感
2.1.油的光学特性
在从紫外到近红外区域的油的外观中存在几个与光学性质有关的光学性质。这包括油和水之间的反射率，吸光度和由此产生的对比度。 这当然会随着油类型，油品风化，大气条件（例如雾）和太阳照射而变化。 对于所有条件和所有波长，油/水差异无法在整个光谱范围内准确测量(Andreou and Karathanassi, 2011; Bulgarelli and Djavidnia, 2012; Kudryashova et al., 1986; Otremba and Piskozub, 2001; Shen et al., 2011; Yin et al., 2012)。 然而，可以做一个总结，显示在图1-3中。 这些数字是一般化的，并不显示可能存在的尖锐特征。这些数字的要点是，不存在油和水之间的任何广泛区别可以明确地地识别出油。
图一 油和水的广义垂直反射率。 蓝线是水，黑线是油。(推广于: Andreou and Karathanassi, 2011; Bulgarelli and Djavidnia, 2012; Kudryashova等人, 1986; Otremba and Piskozub, 2001; Shen等人, 2011; Yin等人, 2012)。（为了解释这个图例中的颜色引用，读者可以参考这篇文章的web版本。）
图二 假定的油和水的吸光度（Kudryashova等人，1986年推广）蓝线是水（水对空气），黑线是油（油对空气）。（为了解释这个图例中的颜色引用，读者可以参考这篇文章的web版本。）
图三 油水的假想对比（图1和图2的概括）黑线表示油与水的基线相比。
2.2可见光遥感
在电磁波谱（大约400-700nm）的可见光区域，油具有比水更高的表面反射率，但没有显示出特定的吸收/反射倾向。 油通常在整个可见光谱中显现。光泽表现出银色，并将光线反射到蓝色区域。 由于在500-600nm区域没有强烈的信息，这个区域通常被滤除以提高对比度(Orsquo;Neil等人, 1983)。 然而总的来说，石油没有具体的区别于背景的特征(Brown等人, 1996; Taylor, 1992)。 因此，分离特定光谱区域的技术不会提高检测能力。 一些研究人员指出，虽然油的光谱是平坦的，但油的存在可能会稍微改变水的光谱。
过去，扫描仪被用作光谱可见光区域的传感器。旋转反射镜或棱镜扫过视场并将光导向探测器。在CCD（电荷耦合器件）检测器出现之前，该传感器比摄像机提供更高的灵敏度和选择性。扫描仪的另一个优点是信号在显示之前很容易被数字化和处理。较新的技术已经得到发展，可以实现类似的数字化，而无需使用CCD成像仪进行扫描并不断记录所有元素，每个元素都指向地面上的不同视场。这种类型的传感器被称为推扫式扫描仪，与旧式扫描仪相比具有许多优点。它可以克服多种类型的像差和误差，这些单元比机械单元更可靠，并且数据收集于垂直于飞机飞
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