实证调查披露,使用和有用的会计信息外文翻译资料

 2022-11-26 20:15:38

An Empirical Investigation of Disclosure, Usage and Usefulness of Corporate Accounting Information

Michael Sherer, Alan Southworth and Stuart Turley

This paper reports the findings of an empirical investiga-tion into the disclosure of corporate accounting informa-tion to trade union decision makers. These findings are evaluated against earlier normative and descriptive litera-ture on corporate disclosure to trade unions and an attempt is made to derive some implications for the design of accounting reports for use in the context of collective bargaining. The research methodology used was a case study of decision making in one trade union, the Amalga-mated Textile Workers Union (ATWU) which represents most of the manual workers in the Lancashire cotton industry.

The paper is divided into six sections. The first section presents some background material on the ATWU, and the industry in which it operates. The second section describes the research design and the manner in which the investigation was conducted. The next three sections report the research findings, namely: the extent of information disclosure by companies in the Lancashire cotton industry; the actual use of corporate accounting information in the collective bargaining decisions of the ATWU; and the assessment by the ATWU decision makers of the usefulness of that information. The final section offers some suggestions, based on the evidence reported, for improvements in the quantity and type of accounting information which corporate management should be willing to disclose if they want trade union decision makers to take into consideration corporate financial performance in their collective bargaining deci-sions.

The Amalgamated Textile Workers Union (ATWU) was formed as recently as 1974 but its origins go back into the nineteenth century.

The ATWU is essentially a loose federation of semi-independent unions representing spin-ners, weavers and cardroom operatives concentrated in one geographical area - Lancashire. The ATWU is managed by the Central Executive Committee, headed by the General Secretary, and there is a national negotiat-ing committee which annually concludes agreements with the employers federation, the British Textile Employers Association (BTEA) over basic wage rates in the industry. However, the majority of collective bargaining decisions are not made by the negotiating committee at national level but by trade union officials at the local or District level. The decisions at the District level include basic pay agreements with non-BTEA firms, productivity agree-ments at individual mills, and issues of working condi-tions, health and safety, and redundancies and closures.

The individual Districts within the ATWU are each managed by a full-time paid union official known as the District Secretary and since the vast majority of collective bargaining decisions are made by District Secretaries, these were chosen as the subject for our empirical investigation.

In 1979 there were seventeen Districts within the ATWU. Most of the Districts represented all the ATWU members working in one geographical area, although in some cases there were separate Districts for spinning and weaving and in other cases one Secretary had responsibil-ity for more than one District. At the time of the study the total number of District Secretaries was eighteen. The membership of the ATWU at that time was 42,000 (it has since fallen to 30,000) while the size of individual Districts ranged from 500 to 5,000. Membership of the ATWU, and consequently of the individual Districts, has been declining dramatically in the last twenty years reflecting the continuing contraction of the Lancashire cotton industry.

The contraction of the industry has caused earnings to decline relative to the average for manufactur-ing industry as a whole and has resulted in the closure of many mills and entire companies. In addition, the production process is still quite labour-intensive with the result that productivity as measured by net output per employee compares unfavourably with other industries. In short, both the industry and the union are in a state of severe decline and it is this decline which provides the backcloth to our study of information disclosure in a collective bargaining context.

Structured interviews using a pre-coded questionnaire were conducted with sixteen out of the eighteen District Secretaries in post during August and September 1979. The content of the questionnaire was initially determined from the normative models of trade union decision making found in Cooper and Essex and Foley and Maunders Subsequently, a pilot survey of three District Secretaries was carried out to identify the most common decision areas and information sources for inclusion in the main questionnaire. The pilot survey also ensured that no major decision areas or information sources which may have been specific to trade union officials in the Lan-cashire cotton industry were accidentally omitted.

The final questionnaire used in the structured inter-views identified seven sources of information which were available for use by the District Secretaries and these sources are presented very few companies in the Lancashire cotton industry publish employee reports and consequently only five District Secretaries could recall ever receiving copies directly from any of the companies in their District. Once again, it was the large or publicly quoted companies which produced and sent out employee reports to the District Secretaries and, just as for the published annual reports, the information was presented only for the group as a whole. All the District Secretaries who received a companys employee report also received its published accounts and most of them considered that there was very little information in the former.

Although both publish

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实证调查披露,使用和有用的会计信息

Michael Sherer, Alan Southworth 和 Stuart Turley

本文报告的实证调查结果为会计信息披露公司工会决策者。这些对企业职工评价早期的规范性和描述性的叙述,是为了得出一些对设计会计报表的使用范围内的建议。研究方法是个案研究法,研究在兰开夏棉业代表大多数手工工人的合并纺织工人联盟(atwu)。

本文分为六个部分。第一部分介绍了一些背景材料,和行业中运作。第二部分介绍了研究设计和进行调查的方式,接下来的三部分报告的研究结果,即:在兰开夏棉业公司的信息披露程度;实际使用企业会计信息在集体谈判时的决定;和评估决策者有用的信息。最后一节提供了一些建议,在证据的基础上的报告,改进的数量和类型的会计信息,公司治理应该愿意透露他们是否想将工会决策者考虑到企业财务业绩的决定。

合并的纺织工人联盟(atwu)是最近在1974成立,但它的起源可以追溯到第十九个世纪。纺织工人联盟其实实质上一个松散的联邦独立的工会,它代表这纱厂,主要的人员集中在一个地理区域。该atwu是由中央执行委员会,由秘书长领导,并有一个国家谈判委员会每年最后协议与雇主联系,所以英国纺织企业家协会是超过基本工资率的行业。然而,大多数的集体谈判不是由谈判委员会在国家当地或地区级一级的工会官员决定。决定是在地区层面,包括基本工资协议non-btea商行,生产力协议,工作条件的问题,健康和安全,裁员和关闭。

每个地区内的atwu各由一个称为区委秘书全职的工会官员负责,1979年的atwu有十七个地区。大多数地区,代表所有atwu成员在一个地理区域工作,虽然在某些情况下,有不同的地区纺纱、织布和在其他情况下,一个工会官员负责超过一区。在研究时的总人数是十八区工会官员。会员国的atwu当时是42000(它已经降到30000)而大小个别地区范围从500到5000。Atwu的会员国,在个别地区,已大幅下降,在过去二十年中反映了兰开夏棉业持续收缩下降的状况。

对于一个相对平均的制造业整体,收缩的行业造成了收入下降,导致许多米尔斯和整个公司关闭了。此外,生产过程仍然是相当密集的。总之,该行业和联盟是反映一个国家制造业总体的严重下降,这种下降提供了信息披露研究的背景。

使用根据预先编码的结构式访谈调查了十八个区在1979年八、九月份的秘书职务。问卷调查内容是最初确定的规范模型。随后,试点调查的三个区秘书主要进行了确定了最常用的决策领域和信息源,然后将主要内容列入调查问卷。试点调查的前提是不会意外消失的重大决策领域或信息来源。最后的问卷调查中使用结构化访谈,确定了七个来源的信息。

极少数公司在兰开夏棉业发布报告,因此只有五个区秘书能记得曾经直接从公司收到的报告。再次,大企业或公开挂牌公司生产并派出员工报告区秘书的时,发表的年度报告所提交的信息只对本集团作为一个整体并不会完全披露给区秘书。所有地区秘书收到了公司的员工报告的帐户,但是其中很少有信息披露。虽然公布的决算和员工报告是属于高水平报告,但是还是不能完全披露其他有用的信息来源,所有地区秘书报告说,大多数公司允许他们访问内部会计信息,信息的数量和价值的未来订单。然而,只有一个区委秘书说,对会计信息披露不必作出的具体要求,无论什么样的公司,再小的,私人的,都一贯拒绝透露这一信息。这是根据1975年的就业保护法案及1977年的相关粘附守则规定的。公司须披露所有要求的资料包括工会代表和不造成重大损害的公司。看来,一些小公司利用这种排除条款为由,它们认为信息是保密的,如果公开就会降低了公司的竞争力。中央仲裁委员会ACA不会,因为他们通常能够从直接观察生产厂等其他来源估计他们需要信息。

这里有一个普遍认为,利润反映一个公司的支付能力,这是一个未来生存的关键指标。利润(或更一般的损失)是比其他任何项目更加经常提到的会计报告。令人惊讶的是,没有本区秘书提到关于“附加值”的决定,虽然有人建议,这一措施的公司业绩可能与工资特别相关联。事实上,绝大多数的地区秘书从未听说过“附加值”的概念。

由区秘书提供一些有关会计信息使用少于其他信息来源的主观证据的有关决定。其中有一些不和谐之音,例如,会计报表是难以理解的,特别是一个高水平功能的决策类型与决策者参与的工会的制作出得会计报表。我们的调查结果是来自一个单一的个案研究,并因此可能无法有效反应范围之外的atwu和兰开夏棉业。

最后一节是针对本文有关的调查结果,我们的研究文献针对会计信息披露和集体谈判,目的是为改进会计信息披露,并制定出了一些初步结论。

1975的英国的就业保护法是信息披露的主要法例,就业法规定,雇主一般责任信息披露要求由工会代表。然而,也有规定,如果雇主拒绝公开声称,披露会造成公司利益的重大损害。如果这样的拒绝了,工会可以参考中央仲裁委员会,直到1978年底,有74例已提交。可能的解释是,足够重要的谈判或从其他来源管理信息没有被考虑。

因此,工会谈判作出决定披露管理可能本身不具备损害的能力。然而,pope和peel认为,自愿披露将导致更现实的工资结算,由于缺乏信息,在最初提出索赔的工会谈判中增加了不确定性和一些对高层的偏见。一些实证支持这一讨论,包括福特汽车公司、运输和普通工人联盟,工会代表他们自己的偏见来拒绝信息定价政策,支持他们的工资要求。我们的研究还表明,工会代表和企业管理个人之间的关系是在确定信息的质量披露的一个关键变量。由于兰开夏棉业的结构决策在atwu,大多数集体讨价还价的谈判,通常是工厂经理。这也许可以解释为什么一些较小,私营公司愿意提供地区秘书与他们要求的信息,但其他类似公司确不是这样。个人之间的关系,工会谈判和人才管理是管理风格和管理方式一个方面,而是否是在确定披露政策一个解释变量,显然是一个领域,需要进行进一步的研究。

另外的问题,我们的研究还认为,使用和会计信息有用性的集体谈判信息披露决定是工会官员。会计信息,尤其是包含在正式的会计报告里的信息,被认为比其他类型的信息相比不那么重要,它需要解释的非常小心。首先,这一结论是高度敏感的定义,会计信息由于一些包含财务数据信息来源,例如工作的研究报告,被经常提及的具体决策。其次,会计报告可能包含的信息相关的工会谈判,但这一信息可更容易和更迅速地从其他来源获知,例如工会成员自己。第三,工会的谈判会有偏见,反对使用会计报告,因为他们认为,他们的会计信息内容是加强管理的筹码,可能有用的信息将被忽略。尽管有这些警告,我们的研究结果表明,现有的会计报告有一些不足,限制其效用的工会决定,这可能减少他们使用的程度。这是本文所讨论的一些局限性和一些如何尽可能的克服它们的建议。

许多地区的秘书在我们的研究指出,他们无法理解会计信息报告。在某种程度上,这种缺乏了解所造成的影响是早报告里包含庞大数据量和复杂的信息,一个简单的解决办法是产生更简化的报表的建议。在这方面,有人可能认为员工报告已经提供了一个简要的金融结果,但我们的研究发现,他们使用的是少数信息来源的报表。当然,缺乏理解的工会官员也可能是由于他们有很少或没有培训财务事项。虽然负责培训谈判主要在于工会,可以说,在某些情况下管理者本身应考虑采用的作用,因为他们可以受益,如果会计教育工作者工会官员更充分了解公司的财务绩效。

它可能是缺乏理解会计事项说明将利润作为衡量支付能力。福利和maunders认为,支付能力的工业关系应该被定义为“可分配的操作流程的最低要求”这是未来现金流量概念,是属于绩效测量。现金流方法的优点是较为客观,实施在会计利润的基础上任意的权责发生制和分配可核查的措施。此外,增加值报表,其中莫利主张应该被用来作为衡量支付能力生产力谈判,可以很容易地衡量现金流量,从而明确的精确的货币奖励,每个参与者在该组织收到了附加价值。

一个在会计报告中的文学和支持的研究主要的讨论,是高层次的聚集的信息。在特别的情况下合并报表是一整个集团公司唯一帐户,但它也是一个单一的多工厂公司。显然,从决策来看,会计信息应分列集体协商谈判。然而,有技术和政治问题是提供分类的信息中心要求。如果测量的基础是直接的现金流,那么如何分配联合成本等研究开发与营销技术是一个问题,有很多的困难可以需要克服。但会计信息也是一个政治问题,因为它必须增加的数额提供的资料。一些信息可能是一个非常敏感的或机密的性质,例如关于转让价格,因此信息披露分类问题是和公司总的态度密不可分的。

信息披露,我们就这样走一圈!

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