《韩非子》中情感的工具化,社会性规制以及权力的超越外文翻译资料

 2022-11-29 15:56:08

文献翻译

出处:Albert Galvany,Instrumentalisation of Passions, Social Regulation and Transcendence of Power in the Hanfeizi [J].Digithum,2008,10:19-22.

原文:

Lessons from history: the imperative of adaptation

In order to understand the ideological proposal of Han Fei, it is essential to first view his conception of historical processes.3 Since its very origins, philosophical reflection in ancient China has been inseparable from a certain disposition in relation to the past. Looking at what occurred in High Antiquity is a basic criterion of authority for consolidating the unique identity of each ideological proposal and, at the same time, the principal argument for legitimising the political aspiration designed for a new present, which is, almost always, projected on to a supposedly immediate horizon. The work of Han Fei is not unconnected to that general trend, in contrast to what has been said by some experts.4 Consequently, in one of the two chapters devoted to the commentary on the, entitled “Illustrating Laozi” (Yu Lao 喻老), we find the following anecdote, the aim of which is to comment on Section LXIV of Laozi:

Wang Chu was travelling carrying a bundle of books when he met Xu Fong on the road to the land of Zhou. [Xu] Fong said: “Business consists of action. And action comes from opportunity. Anyone who knows of it is uninitiated in the ways of business. Books consist of discourses. And discourses come from knowledge. Anyone who knows does not accumulate their knowledge in books. So why are you walking along carrying all these books?” After which, Wang Chu set fire to his books and began dancing round the pyre. Knowledge does not rear its head much in discourses; wisdom is not kept in books. Our time condemns that attitude, but Wang Chu was able to return [to the way (dao)]. It is a question of learning to unlearn. Which is why [Laozi] says: “Learn to unlearn and return to the origin which the masses condemn”. (Qiyou, 2000, chap. XXI, p. 449)

This passage from the Hanfeizi proclaims the conviction that the action that we intend to carry out on what is real, whatever that may be, cannot be based on the study of books, inasmuch as the knowledge that comes from them already belongs to a time that is passed and, therefore, inevitably expired. The moral of the anecdote narrated by Han Fei is exemplary: the path, the attitude, the practice of Wang Chu is hindered by the burden of inherited, erudite knowledge, and this is what Xu Fong reveals. Insofar as it is not possible to apply permanent prescriptions, fixed forever in a text, for a time which never stops changing, the learning and study of books, from the past, becomes useless and even harmful. In the world of business (shi 事),the ritual appropriateness of gesture, or its moral quality of agreement with the precepts conveyed by the wise men of Antiquity, is not as important as its sole efficacy within the plan of action (wei 為). And, in the opinion of Han Fei, the guarantee of that efficacy in the action depends on its appropriateness, its adaptation, its suitability at the propitious moment (shi 時).The phrase that we have translated as “anyone who knows of it is uninitiated in the ways of business” hides a play on words, a suggestive semantic wink: on the one hand, supported by the term chang 常 understood as “tradition” or “custom”,Han Fei certifies the absence of fixed rules, of hereditary prescriptions in that which knows that an actions success depends on its adaptation to the times; but that very passage also uses the other meaning of the term chang (“permanent”,“constant”)to illustrate the willingness of that man dedicated to the action, to evoke change as the only persistent aspect, the continuous transformation of things and that, therefore, the man of action must prove himself to be radically dynamic, completely without static disposition. In Han Feirs opinion, it is essential to accept the transformation of history, of change, of succession, and adapt to the new conditions to avoid the propagation of disaster and put an end to the reigning disorder. Like his predecessor Shang Yang, Han Fei considers it essential to reform the political and administrative institutions in

such a way as to dispel all types of disagreement, of heterogeneity, between the course of time and the political actions that are intended to be imposed on it. It is the current conditions that must determine the form and methods of government, and not the other way round. Han Fei stresses the dynamic and irreversible nature of time and, with this, proclaims the need for continuous adaptation to its demands. In accordance with that conception of time and of history, the conservative attitude (encapsulated in Confucian ideology), which refuses to accept the transformation of the development process, the permanent updating of the present, is simply ridiculous. In this sense, he appears to be truer to the respect for history, praised and exulted by Confucian tradition, than the very representatives of that philosophy.

In Han Feirs opinion, it is the study of the past, with its permanent changes and innovations, unexpected twists and turns and its frequent discontinuities, which reveals its dynamic nature and which shows, therefore, up to what point that nostalgic (and static) look at an idealised Antiquity is absurd and even historically false. The adaptation of the political institutions and practices to the different circumstantial frameworks of each moment is all that guarantees the progress, the survival of society, the arrival of efficient governors. Just as with that changing reality to which we must permanently adapt, political practice is also viewed in a dynamic way; the governors, the Administration, must be aware when observing the changes that occur in the social and economic reality of the country to adapt their responses accordingly. It is no surprise that in t

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译文

《韩非子》中情感的工具化,社会性规制以及权力的超越

阿尔伯特 ·伽伐尼

法国巴黎高等实践研究院博士后研究人员(宗教研究部)

albert.galvany@upf.edu

提交日期:2007年11月

接受:2007年12月

发表于:2008年5月

摘要:《韩非子》是中国前帝国时期最重要的文本之一本文的基本目的是基于尽管是《韩非子》政治和哲学的观点的缩略图介绍一些基本要素。《韩非子》是对的,因为它构成了古典政治理论真正的例外,特别是哲学令人回味。而主要由西方和中国的哲学家提出的社会政治建议,不管乌托邦或大或小的程度,都认为最大的障碍实现这些项目的在于人的感情的天性,这传统上归因于韩非辩护的想法,即一个有序的社会团体只能是由于该方激情。以此为基础,文章不仅试图澄清在这个独特的思想体系中合法化和组织的具体方式,还努力展现韩非子的专制理念和亚当·斯密工作时所提出的自由主义经济观点部分共同思想。

关键词:

中国古代,韩非,支配,法家,自由主义,亚当·斯密

历史的教训:适应的必要性

要了解韩非思想的思想,就必须先看其历史过程的概念,3从它起源开始,中国古代的哲学反思与过去的某些性格是密不可分的。“以史为鉴”是巩固每个思想主张独特身份权力的基本准则,同时,这是为新想法设计政治抱负合法化的主要论点,是投射到一个广泛相信的预兆。对比一些专家所说的话,韩非的工作与总的趋势紧密相连。4因此,其中一个章节的评论题为“喻老”,下面的故事,其目的是评论《老子》的第四十四部分:

王寿负书而行,见徐冯于周涂。冯曰:'事者,为也;为生于时,知者无常事。书者,言也;言生于知,知者不藏书。今子何独负之而行?'于是王寿因焚其书而舞之。故知者不以言谈教,而慧者不以藏书箧。此世之所过也,而王寿复之,是学不学也。故曰:'学不学,复归众人之所过也。(Qiyou,2000、第二十一章,p. 449)

《韩非子》中的这篇文章宣称,我们打算进行什么是真正的行动,不管是什么,不能根据学习书籍,因为知识来自于已经属于通过行动,因此,不可避免地会过期。韩非的轶事讲述道德模范:路径、态度、实践(兴行)王寿是被遗传的渊博知识负担所阻碍,这就是徐冯所揭示的。一个固定在文本不可能永久使用的办法,从过去开始从未停止改变使得学习和研究书籍终会变得无用,甚至有害。在商业界,手势礼仪得体,或其道德素质与戒律的古代智者传送戒律一致,不如其独立的行动计划所发挥的功效重要。而且,在韩非看来,行动中效能的保障取决于其是否恰当,它的适应性,在一瞬间它的适用性。这句话我们都译为“谁知道这是门外汉的经营方式”隐藏了一个文字游戏,一个暗示的语义:一方面,这个术语常常理解为“传统”或“习惯”的支持,韩非证明固定规则的情况下,世袭的方法中行动的成功取决于其对时代的适应;但人们还是用“长”其他的意义(“完美”、“长久”)来说明那个人致力于行动的意愿、事物的连续变化,把唤起变化作为唯一坚持的方面。因此,行动的人必须证明自己是完全动态的,而不是静态的。在韩非看来,接受历史变迁的观点并适应新的条件,以避免灾难的传播和结束无序的统治,对于继承传统至关重要。和他的前任商鞅一样,他认为改革政治和行政机构是消除所有类型的分歧所必要的一种方式,这是时间和政治行动的过程中,强加于它的。在现今条件下,必须确定政府的形式和方法,而不是其他方式。韩非强调动态和时间的不可逆性,由此宣称不断适应其需求的需要。按照时间和历史的概念,保守的态度(在儒家思想中)拒绝接受的发展过程中永久的更新,简直是荒谬的。在这个意义上讲,他似乎真的是对被儒家传统赞扬和欢腾的历史的尊重,不是哲学的代表。

韩非看来,对过去的研究以其永久性的改变和创新,意想不到的曲折和频繁的不连续性,揭示和体现其动态性,因此,怀旧(静态)的看哪一个理想化的古代历史,是荒谬的甚至是虚假的。政治制度的适应和实践中对每一不同的环境框架的适应是所有进步的保障、社会的生存和高效管理的到来。正如我们必须永久地适应不断变化的现实,政治实践也被看作是一种动态的方式;统治者、政府必须注意观察发生在国家的社会和经济现实中,以适应相应的反应的变化。理所当然的,韩非子在引用下面的第二个摘录,采用科技革新的隐喻。除了特别说明支配寓言系统的反传统主义的原则,这个隐喻反映了在他作品中辩论的基本要素之一,即:政治实践的工具性。与同时代的其他两家智慧代表——儒家、道家相反,韩非公开地支持着人类管理的工具性条件。正如我们将在后面看到,在最后的分析中,这种态度是来自一种根本的政治道德观念。在任何情况下,这种功利观念的政治实践的直接后果是需要适应的方法,即为实现社会秩序和和平的手段或工具,它的目的是没有任何争论的行动,而不是其有效性负担任何重担。从这个意义上讲,韩非提倡一种能对其价值观和结构进行改造的政府模式。正如我们已经看到的,韩非批评儒家传统的立场源于对历史客观的审视和研究。

上古之世,人民少而禽兽众,人民不胜禽兽虫蛇。有圣人作,构木为巢以避群害,而民悦之,使王天下,号曰有巢氏。民食果蓏蚌蛤,腥臊恶臭而伤害腹胃,民多疾病。有圣人作,钻燧取火以化腥臊,而民说之,使王天下,号之曰燧人氏。中古之世,天下大水,而鲧、禹决渎。近古之世,桀、纣暴乱,而汤、武征伐。今有构木钻燧于夏后氏之世者,必为鲧、禹笑矣;有决渎于殷、周之世者,必为汤、武笑矣。然则今有美尧、舜、汤、武、禹之道于当今之世者,必为新圣笑矣。是以圣人不期修古,不法常可,论世之事,因为之备。(Qiyou,2000、第四十九章,p. 1085)

我们刚才所引述的摘自一大段文章,与儒家思想相连的传统已用来制裁政府模式,它致力于态度的重申以及从过去得到方法。在这个意义上,韩非的说法是有争议的和由挑衅性的。它采用儒家学说相关的进化模式,从这些相同的观点出发,表明在其保守的态度隐含的矛盾。虽然在韩非的思想系统中,与过去的文章经常被解释说明成反传统的的历史构思,而我认为得更多的是与之相反的:韩非的目的不是打破历史的厚重,相反,是从根本上忠实于它的教义。因此,从这个角度来看,《韩非子》其实仅仅对儒家思想家所展示的历史采取极端的尊敬和忠诚,只有从对它的研究和分析中获取的教训是其意识形态对手截然相反的。对于韩非来说,通过过时的和过期的手段谋求维持社会秩序,因为在历史上不正确而被证明是徒劳的和危险的。在巨大的争议和永久的社会动乱中,坚持使用不恰当、过时的方法必然导致最绝对障碍,由此,残生一个国家的灭亡。

韩非认为,在历史的审视中和对历史发展的内在动力中,不断创新是一种建立社会秩序有效的方法。因此,他在与战争有关的场合反复的比喻技术创新,目的是说明在镜像般的过去寻求自己政治行动模式人的徒劳。

搢笏干戚,不适有方铁铦;登降周旋,不逮日中奏百;《狸首》射侯,不当强弩趋发;干城距衡冲,不若堙穴伏橐。古人亟于德,中世逐于智,当今争于力。(Qiyou,2000、第四十七章,p. 1030)

韩非的说法是完美的。它诉诸于军事武器和工具的比喻来说明过去和现在的形势,特别是敏感的需要不断适应的新形势。如果过去的武器按仪式而设计,满足了战争行为和使用的功能,他们不再做任何事反对新技术的效率。而文章评论目前的武器与过去的相比有无可比拟的军事优势,旨在强调时间的不可避免的过程和必须适应它。坚持一种过时的模式和使用古代乐器来解决基于效率的时代和技术的力量,揭示了一个鲁莽的心态,这必然导致死亡的形势和战争的泛滥。然而,过去的战争技术与当前的战略和军事条件之间的差距,不仅说明为了适应新的社会现实的政治和行政手段的必要性,同时也对其强制性进行了制裁。《韩非子》以一些意蕴深厚的句子结束。韩非认为,“上古竞于道德,中世逐于智谋,当今争于气力”,韩非子明确的提出一个历史过程的概念,在其中,人类社会慢慢失去其和谐、其美德及和平共处、科技的使用和强制政府的方法。然而,在韩非宣布的时间概念中,使用政治暴力的支持和合法化的社会突变,不是由于人性本身的彻底转变;这并不是说过去的人是善良的,随后他们的本质变成了相反的。那么,过去和现在的人的态度或社会行为之间的区别是由于什么?在下面的段落中,韩非提供了答案:

古者丈夫不耕,草木之实足食也;妇人不织,禽兽之皮足衣也。不事力而养足,人民少而财有余,故民不争。是以厚赏不行,重罚不用,而民自治。今人有五子不为多,子又有五子,大父未死而有二十五孙。是以人民众而货财寡,事力劳而供养薄,故民争,虽倍赏累罚而不免于乱。 (Qiyou,2000、第四十九章,p. 1087-1088)

文章中韩非的历史分析清晰的惊人。那一些专家认为他的作品是二十个多世纪的由马尔萨斯(1766-1834)提出的先验的人口理论演变而来就不足为奇(春,张小波,1983,pp. 93-94)。对韩非来说,这些古老的社会达到一个完美的和平共存的、没有矛盾和纠纷的原因,完全是由于很少的人口和丰富的物质资源之间的明显的平衡。在他看来,非凡财富塑造了遥远的祖先的生活,这意味着他们能够在没有冲突的发生的情况下完全满足他们的愿望、充分意识到他们最基本的倾向;丰度的资源冲淡生存竞争并且防止纠纷的爆发,在社会上,在某种程度上,人们甚至可以让自己的奢侈管理自己(民自治),而不需要诉诸于有压制性的更高的外部权威。然而,当罕见的有利的不平衡开始反转时,形势急剧变化:人口无节制的增长,人口的指数增长,改善生活的物质条件和手段使得人群现在不得不竞争以满足他们最基本的欲望和需求。

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