环境审计:理论与实践外文翻译资料

 2022-12-04 15:07:06

Environmental audit: theory and practices

Josephine Maltby

A survey of environmental consultants views on the purpose of audit

Environmental audit is not a new activity. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) published its Guide to Effective Environmental Auditing, jointly written by staff of Arthur D. Little, a consultancy firm, and the US manufacturing company, Allied-Signal. They refer to '[the authors] collective experience of more than 60 years in conducting environmental audits around the world'. Elkington claims that ICI began environmental auditing in the 1960s, although it then ceased for an unspecified length of time, resuming in 1989. It is only in very recent years, however, that interest in environmental audit - both among practitioners and potential clients - has become widespread.

It is possible to identify two sets of forces encouraging companies to adopt environmental audit. What might be termed direct pressures are those explicitly encouraging the introduction of environmental audit; indirect pressures are the range of threats and opportunities presented by environmental awareness among customers, competitors and legislators.

The major direct pressure for the mandatory introduction of environmental audit comes from the EC. The ECs original proposal was for specified sectors of industry to be subject to a mandatory audit. In the face of industry opposition, the EC has dropped this scheme and replaced it with a voluntary scheme involving what it calls an eco- audit. Companies registering under the scheme will be required to have an environmental policy and an environmental management system, and to have quantifiable targets for continuous improvement of performance. They must carry out an audit at regular intervals - a minimum of every three years. The products of the audit will be an audit report, submitted to management, and a published environmental statement, reflecting the audit results. The report and the statement will both be subject to independent external validation. Companies participating in the scheme will be entitled to publicize their status.

BS 7750, the draft British Standard on environmental management, requires that the operation of the environmental management system 'should be internally audited and evaluated on a regular, pre-determined basis'. This audit should be performed by staff who are within the organization but independent of the areas being audited and reporting directly to management - the classic formulation of the duties of an internal auditor. The Standard was introduced in March 1994; it remains to be seen how anxious companies will be to comply with it, and whether it will have the same wide currency as BS 5750, to which some 35,000 UK firms have registered.

One indirect pressure for companies to introduce environmental audit is the move towards public environmental disclosure. The eco-audit would involve the publication of an environmental statement; the form and content of such a statement are as yet undefined, but certain companies are already making environmental disclosures. The scope of these disclosures varies considerably. At one extreme, they are paragraphs in the directors report; at the other, Norsk Hydro has produced a report as substantial as a set of published financial statements. Items in the directors report do not attract separate mention in the audit report on the financial statements, unless they are incompatible with the rest of those statements. No UK company has as yet incurred a qualified audit report on the grounds of the environmental disclosures in its financial statements.

Environmental audit reports have been commissioned, however, by companies making more extensive disclosures. The major example to date is Norsk Hydro, which published a 28-page environmental report on its UK operations in 1990. Independent environmental consultants (Lloyds Register) performed a 'review' (Norsks terminology) on the report, and their summary of findings was published as its last section. Caird Group plc has commissioned two environmental audits in 1989 and 1991 from Mott MacDonald and a 'shareholders summary' of the auditors findings was published. A distinction might be drawn between the two companies reporting. Norsk wrote and published a report on its activities and commissioned an independent statement of opinion from Lloyds Register; in the case of Caird, the auditors both summarized Cairds activities and expressed an opinion on them. It seems likely that companies prepared to go to the (voluntary) trouble and expense of issuing environmental reports, will wish them to be accompanied by an audit opinion. A survey of the growth in the environmental consultancy market quotes Peter Jones of Rechem Environmental Services: 'It does not make sense to have your own environmental group carry them [audits] out because no one will believe your results'.

A further, growing, indirect pressure for environmental audit is the legal one. Recent UK environmental legislation has presented company management with a variety of possibilities for falling foul of the law, incurring expense, and in some cases being sentenced to prison. Newly created regulatory bodies are empowered to recover clean- up costs from polluters. Emissions to water or air or discharges of solid waste must be consented and production may be summarily shut down if the company exceeds the terms of the consent. Businesses have a duty of care to ensure that contractors disposing of their waste are not breaking the law. In addition to these and other statutory requirements, businesses are faced with the possibility of developments in the area of civil liability for environmental damage, leading to more claims, higher damages and a wider definition of matters awarded legal protection - it may become possible for claims to be brought by people who do not have property rights in an affected area b

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环境审计:理论与实践

芒提 约瑟芬

环境审计不是一个新的活动。国际商会公布了其有效的环境审计指南,由亚瑟D公司(一家顾问公司)和美国制造业公司联合撰写。他们依据是在世界各地开展环境审计的60年的集体经验”。埃尔金顿声称ICI在上世纪60年代开始环境审计,虽然它然后停止一个不明确的时间长度,恢复1989。然而,在最近几年中,环境审计的兴趣无论是从业者和潜在客户-已成为广泛。

这是可能的,以确定两家公司的力量,鼓励公司采取环境审计。可能被称为直接压力是那些明确鼓励引进环境审计;间接压力是由客户,竞争对手和立法者的环境意识的威胁和机会的范围。

环境审计强制引入的主要直接压力来自于电子商务。欧共体的最初提案是对工业部门的指定部门进行强制性审计。面对行业的反对,欧盟已经放弃了这个计划,取而代之的是一个自愿的计划,涉及到它所说的生态审计。根据该计划注册的公司将要求有一个环境政策和环境管理系统,并有量化的目标,持续改进的性能。他们必须定期进行审计,每三年至少有一次。本次审核的产品将审核报告,提交管理层和已发表的环境声明,反映审核结果。该报告和声明都将受到独立的外部验证。参与该计划的公司将有权公布其地位。

英国标准BS 7750,草案对环境管理要求的环境管理体系的运行应在内部审计和定期评估,预先确定基础”。本次审核由组织内的工作人员执行,但独立于被审计的领域,并直接向管理层汇报,这是内部审计人员职责的经典表述。这一标准是在1994年3月推出的,它还有待观察,公司将如何遵守它,以及它是否具有相同的通用货币为标准5750,其中约35000家英国公司已经注册。

对公司引入环境审计的一个间接压力是向公众披露环境信息披露。生态审计将涉及环境声明的发表,这种声明的形式和内容还未确定,但某些公司已经在进行环境保护。这些披露的范围变化很大。在一种情况下,他们在董事会报告的段落里;另外一种情况下,作为一组公布的财务报表的实质。在财务报表的审计报告中不吸引单独提及的项目,除非它们与其他报表不兼容。英国的公司在财务报表中披露的环境信息的理由,至今尚未产生一个合格的审计报告。

但是环境审计报告已委托由公司作出更广泛的披露。目前主要的例子是海德鲁公司,公布其在英国的1990个操作一个28页的环境报告。独立的环境顾问(劳埃德登记)对报告进行了审查,他们的研究结果摘要发表其最后一段。游民集团委托两个环境审计在1989和1991从莫特麦克唐纳德和“股东”总结的审计结果公布。两家公司的报告可能会有区别。挪威撰写和发表了关于其活动的报告,并从劳埃德登记委托一个独立的观点;在游民的情况下,审计人员都总结了游民的活动,表达了对他们的看法。看来,公司准备去(自愿)的麻烦和费用的发布环境报告,将希望他们是伴随着审计意见。在环境咨询市场增长调查引用了博兴东丽环境服务琼斯:“它没有意义,你自己的环保团体把他们[审核]出来,因为没有人会相信你的结果”。

此外,越来越多的间接压力,环境审计是合法的。最近英国环境立法已经提出了公司管理与各种可能性的下降犯规的法律,招致费用,并在某些情况下被判处有期徒刑。新成立的监管机构有权收回污染源的清理费用。水的排放量和固体废物排放空气或必须同意,生产可能被立即关闭如果公司超过同意的条款。企业有责任确保承包商处理他们的废物是不违反法律的。除了这些和其他法定要求,企业在面临环境损害民事责任领域的发展的可能性,从而导致更多的要求,更高的赔偿事项的更广泛的定义获得法律保护-它可能声称是由人谁不在受影响的地区,但也有产权遭受损失的舒适性将成为可能。法律和民事法律的发展与一个新的风险领域的管理。环境审计可以被调用作为一种可能的管理策略,用于监测和减少风险。

这些不同的直接和间接的压力,鼓励不同类型的审计。英国标准本质上要求引入内部审计;生态审计需要内部审计和外部审计。发表的环境声明,有人认为,需要一个外部审计,以使他们的信誉。对法律风险的监控可以在内部进行充分的完成,只要有必要的技能在内部提供。这是一个重要的条件。环境审计可能需要一个知识的法律框架内,该公司的运作,并在法律上任何即将发生的变化,了解公司的流程,原料,产品,废物和能源的使用,这些对环境的影响,在本地和全球范围内,并提出建议的方式,该公司可能会改变或改善。只有最大的公司能负担得起的所有这些技能永久在内部。因为这个原因,很可能是环境审计的形式和目的,大多数的审计工作都是由顾问公司进行的。这些顾问可以作为“外部”或“内部”核数师,根据他们的参与,但这将是他们谁执行审计的大部分业务。

本文分为四个部分。第一个检查环境审计的范围和目的,最近已被先进的定义。其次,对环境咨询业进行了概述,并认为行业与环境审计发展观的关系。第三和第四部分总结了环境顾问的样本进行调查的结果,并考虑的影响的结果。

生态审计计划草案引用国际刑事法院对环境审计的定义上述报价。然而,这是合并,有2个元素没有从国际刑事法院的处方-要求公布的审计结果和独立验证的要求。提案草案中提出的环境审计目标超出了国际刑事法院对管理政策的执行情况的重视。它们还包括“增加公司内部本身的认识,主管部门和公众需求,优先、环境绩效的改进”的范围和方式,“通知当局和公众”和“煽动公司致力于不断改进性能”。内部审计应进行外部监督,其结果是公开的。这仍然只是一个建议草案,该计划是一个自愿的计划,但它是值得强调的是,它将主体的内部管理审计的一种方式,不是由国际刑事法院的设想。

环境审计定义

直到最近,在审计文献中讨论环境审计。例如,格威廉不在论述社会审计提到这个词,也不在他们的环境信息披露覆盖灰色。这种沉默也许是由环境审计的萌芽和不确定性所解释的。冲突的定义环境审计提供的ICC和埃尔金顿封装了一些不确定因素。

国际刑事法院将环境审计定义为一种管理工具,包括一个系统、记录、定期和客观的评价,以及环境组织、管理和设备如何通过促进管理控制环境行为来帮助维护环境,并评估符合公司政策,这将包括符合法规要求。

这里的关键词是“管理”。环境审计的性质是由管理政策决定的,“有利于保护环境的目标”是从字面上的意思是:在一个下属的条款中隐藏的。同样的管理重点是显而易见的,在英国的标准草案对环境管理系统。这将环境审计定义为“一个系统的评估,以确定是否符合计划安排的环境性能,以及是否这些安排是有效实施,是适合于履行本组织的环境政策”。

前言埃尔金顿的环境审计调查是由特里沃爵士霍尔兹沃思,英国工业联合会的主席主张。他把国际刑事法院的定义作为一个起点:“他的管理工具已经发展到回应一个真正的商业需求。它有助于确定环境的改善和效率节省,可以实现和更长期的可行性。它为投资提供了一个现成的投资回报,而这一理由在商业世界中正得到越来越多的普及率

霍尔兹沃思不去提及环境审计的其他优点:提供一个早期预警,提高员工的意识,促进保险,测试环境的性能对目的和意图但他强调的是环境审计作为管理政策的一种手段,而不是维护环境。管理是通过增加利润来保护自己的利益,降低昂贵的诉讼风险。

梅达沃介绍社会审计为“如果没有得到管理层的同意依靠大公司,然后不检查和报告他们的活动,他们对员工、消费者、当地社区和其他利益”。ICC和霍尔兹沃思主张社会审计开展的公共利益研究中心有限公司包括在某些情况下对环境问题的考虑,比如在煤的审计,但从不同的观点。这是外部的,而不是内部审计,无论是对哪些标准的成就进行衡量,他们没有标准的管理预定。曾在一些时间讨论的难度不断发展的标准对企业的行为会被判。他承认不可抗拒的、客观的和可核查的结论“在管理决策几乎是不可能的;社会举报和信息和独立观点的表达提供审计的价值所在。如果行为不能总是被定义的(通过标准和措施),它应该是什么,它几乎可以被公认为它是什么。环境审计开始,然后,作为一个内部管理活动,旨在促进管理的政策。其出发点是截然相反的社会审计,这是一个关键,该公司对其社会和环境影响的外部审查。外部审计的文献已经默认这种管理偏见忽视环境审计。灰色和西蒙认识的“审计”的环境中使用的电流不精确。根据公司法,他们列出了五个先决条件:一个独立的核数师,信息被审计;标准作为判断的依据;不同的和可识别的信息机构

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