新兴市场人口老龄化的经济挑战外文翻译资料

 2022-12-07 16:26:39

The Economic Challenges of Population Aging in Emerging Markets

Michael Herrmann

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York, USA

Received December 31, 2013; revised January 30, 2014; accepted February 5, 2014

ABSTRACT

Why do studies that examine population aging always come to the same conclusions? Regardless of whether these studies focus on Japan or Germany, Northern Europe or Southern Europe, the developed economies or emerging market economies, they typically suggest that countries will confront a labor shortage which under-mines economic growth and that they will confront rising pension and health care costs which call for reduced health care and pension benefits. Are uniform policy recommendations justified because these countries are in fact so similar, or are they rather the result of an undifferentiated and partial analysis? This paper argues that they are the result of a household-focused analysis which fails to take into consideration the very different ma-croeconomic realities of different countries. From a macroeconomic perspective, this paper examines the broad-er economic background of emerging markets to understand whether population aging has negative effects on their economic development on the one side, and whether their economic development can cater to an increasing number of old-age dependents on the other.

KEYWORDS

Population; Aging; National Transfer Accounts; Pensions; Social Protection;Macroeconomics; Structural Change

  1. Introduction

Why do studies that examine population aging always come to the same conclusions? Regardless of whether these studies focus on Japan or Germany, Northern Eu-rope or Southern Europe, the developed economies or emerging market economies. The studies typically suggest that countries will confront labor shortages which un-dermines economic growth and that they will confront rising pension and health care costs which call for health care and pension reforms. In accordance, countries are advised to cut or avoid generous health care and pension benefits, shift to fully funded pension systems, and postpone retirement ages. The recommendation that people work longer is complemented by studies which suggest that they can. On average, people today live longer and healthier lives and older persons have a higher productivity than in the past .

The question is not only whether these policy recom-mendations are in fact meaningful; the question more fundamentally is why these policy recommendations are always the same. Are these countries so similar that uni-form policy recommendations are justified, or are the analyses so undifferentiated that uniform policy recommendations are the natural outcome? The paper argues that many studies which examine population aging focus on economic relationships at the household level and are not paying adequate attention to the economic relationships at the macroeconomic level. A more differentiated analysis of labor markets and macroeconomic relationships, which is put forward in this paper, shows that population aging has very different implications and calls for different policy responses in different countries.

The paperrsquo;s first section highlights population aging trends and projections in developing countries, and the subsequent sections examine its implications. The second section focuses on the implications of population aging for labor markets, and the third section discusses the linkages between higher consumption expenditures and macroeconomics. On the one hand, the paper examines whether countries have the economic resources to provide for a growing number of older persons, esecially for pensions and health care, and on the other hand it explores whether such provisions can have negative implications for economic growth.

2. Population Aging in the Developing World

While population aging is most advanced in the developed economies, as measured by the share of older persons in the total population, population aging is happening most rapidly in the developing world. Between now and 2050, the share of older persons in the total population will continue to grow in all regions, but until 2050 the growth of this share will be fastest in developing countries. However considerable differences between developing countries remain. In the developing countries of the Americas and Asia this share will grow faster than in the developed countries of Europe and North America,and in the developing countries in Africa in particular it will grow at a much lower rate.The differences in this growth rate are mostly attributable to differences in the fertility level. On average, emerging market economies have seen a considerably steeper and faster fall in fertility levels and are therefore more advanced in their demographic transitions than the least developed economies .

As declining fertility drives the increase in the relative number of older persons, it is also associated with a relative decrease in the number of younger persons. In the least developed countries the projected decrease in the number of younger persons per working-age adult (young-age dependency ratio) is considerably faster than the increase in the number of older persons per work-ing-age adult (the old-age dependency ratio), leading to a fall in the total dependency ratio (the sum of all dependents per workingage adult) over the next forty years or so. However, this window of opportunity, which is provided by a fall in the number of dependents, will eventually close.

Furthermore, when evaluating future trends, it is often useful to put them into perspective with past develop-ments. Whereas the total dependency ratio is projected to increase in almost all countries and country groups in the sample by 2050 relative to 2010,

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新兴市场人口老龄化的经济挑战

米迦勒赫尔曼

联合国人口基金(人口基金),纽约,美国

2013年12月31日2014年2月5日修订;2014年1月30日接受

摘要:为什么研究人口老龄化的研究总是得出相同的结论?不管这些研究主要集中在日本、德国、北欧和南欧,发达经济体或新兴市场经济体,他们通常认为,国家将面临的劳动力短缺,这会破坏经济增长,他们将面临不断增长的退休金和医疗费用,减少医疗保健和养老福利。一致的政策建议是合理的,因为这些国家实际上是如此相似,或者是他们的未分化和部分分析的结果?本文认为,他们是一个家庭的集中式分析,而未考虑到不同的国家有着非常不同的宏观经济现实。从宏观经济的角度,本文探讨了新兴市场的经济背景,以了解人口老龄化是否对他们的经济发展的负面影响,以及他们的经济发展是否可以满足越来越多的老年人。

关键词:人口;老龄化;国家转移账户;养老金;社会保护;宏观经济;结构变化

  1. 简介

为什么研究人口老龄化的研究总是得出相同的结论?不管这些研究主要集中在日本和德国,北部欧洲或欧洲南部,发达经济体或是新兴市场经济体。研究表明,国家将面临典型的劳动力短缺,阻碍经济增长,他们将面临不断上升的养老金和医疗保健费用,迫切要求医疗养老金改革。按照规定,国家应减少或防止优厚的医疗和养老福利,而转变为完全积累制养老金制度,并推迟退休年龄。研究表明,人们可以工作更长的时间。普遍来说,人们今天的寿命更长,身体也更健康,且老年人有比过去更高的生产力。

问题不仅是这些政策建议是真的有意义,更重要的是为什么这些政策建议都是一样的。这些国家是如此相似,因此统一的政策建议是合理的;或者说分析未分化、统一的政策建议是自然的结果?本文认为,许多研究探讨人口老龄化对经济关系的重点在家庭层面,而并没有充分注意到宏观经济关系经济水平。本文提出的劳动力市场和宏观经济关系的差异化分析表明,人口老龄化有着非常不同的含义,因此要求不同的国家作出不同的政策反应。

该文件的第一部分突出发展中国家人口老龄化趋势和预测,及其影响。第二部分重点研究劳动力市场的人口老龄化,第三节讨论了高消费支出与宏观经济的关系。另一方面,探讨国家是否已经为越来越多的老年人的经济资源,特别是养老金和医疗保健,另一方面探讨这样的规定,是否对经济增长有负面的影响。

  1. 人口老龄化在发展中国家

虽然人口老龄化在发达经济体中最为发达,但随着人口占总人口的比例的测定,人口老龄化在发展中世界最为迅速。从现在到2050之间,老年人口在总人口中的份额在所有地区都会继续增长,增长的最快是发展中国家。然而,发展中国家之间仍然存在相当大的差异。在美洲和亚洲的发展中国家,这一份额的增长快于欧洲和北美洲的发达国家,尤其是在非洲的发展中国家,它将以低得多的速度增长,这种增长率的差异主要归因于生育水平的差异。平均而言,新兴市场经济体已经看到了一个相当陡峭和快速下降的生育水平,因此它在人口转型上比不发达国家更先进。

由于生育率下降带动老年人的相对数量的增加,这也与年轻人的数量相对下降有关。在最不发达的国家,预计在每个工作年龄的成年人的年轻人(年轻的抚养比)的数量减少是大大快于每工作年龄的成年人的老年人(老年抚养比)的数量的增加,导致在未来四十年左右,总抚养比下降(每劳动年龄成人所有家属的总和)。然而,这机会之窗是由由家属的数量下降而造成的,但最终它将会被关闭。

本文重点研究了20个国家,包括发展中国家和一些发达国家,人口老龄化增长最快的将在2010-2050年期间。在所有的这些国家中,一个国家的老年抚养比上升至少部分抵消了年轻的抚养比率下降。

此外,当评估未来的趋势时,把他们的角度与过去的发展联系起来,往往是有用的。而几乎在所有国家和国家集团的样本中,2050年的总依赖率相对于2010年来说预计将增加,而总抚养比相对下降。也就是说,在2050岁时,每一个成年人在工作年龄的成年人的数量要小于1950岁的成年人的数量。国家通过其人口转变导致亲属关系的变化。它在早期阶段增加,主要是因为在年轻人的依赖性增加,它在中间阶段下降,又在第三阶段增加,主要是由于老年人的增加。然而,抚养比率不会永远增加。由于人口老龄化而导致的依赖比率的上升最终将会下降。

增长的依赖比率不是一个新的现象,在过去国家就能够成功地应对这种现象。然而,与过去相反,过去的庞大且不断增长的份额是子女,而今天的庞大且不断增长的份额是老年人。从属成分的不同性质对经济和政策制定有明显的影响。而在人口结构转型的初期阶段所面临的挑战是劳动力的无限供给,普遍认为,在人口的后期阶段的挑战转型是劳动力短缺。这两种情况的发展都会影响到生产要素的收益和投资,因此对收入分配和贫困、经济的性质有深远的影响发展。人口老龄化对劳动力市场和经济发展的影响,以及包括健康和退休金在内的社会保护,都在随后的环节中被检查出来。

  1. 与劳动力市场的联系

要了解依赖比率的变化是如何影响经济的发展,重要的是要区分人口和经济的依赖比例。人口抚养比关注的是在工作年龄以外的人,而经济抚养比率关注的是相对于其他人的有偿工作的人口数量。虽然两者经常被等同起来的,但它们是不一样的。在工作年龄的人口数量和有偿工作的人口数量是不一样的。因此,关注工作的人的数量-相对于那些经济上更为依赖的不工作的人-将需要重点补充的是工作的人的生产力。如果大量的工人,劳动生产率很低且劳动收入也较低的话,他们只能赡养很少的家属。这种情况发生在世界上最不发达的国家,而少量的工人可以支持大量的家属如果他们有较高的劳动生产率和收入,而只有少量有高劳动生产率和收入的工人能支持庞大的家庭。

经常有人会说,人口老龄化将导致劳动力短缺,劳动力短缺将破坏经济发展。然而这是一个草率的结论。人口的老龄化并不意味着劳动年龄人口的下降;劳动年龄人口的下降并不必然导致劳动力的下降;劳动力的下降并不必然导致就业的下降;甚至就业的下降并不意味着劳动力短缺。 在几乎所有国家,达到工作年龄人口中有相当大的不工作也不积极寻找工作(即是不活跃的劳动力的一部分),而且在一些国家,正在找工作的适龄人口经常是失业的。在发展中国家,并不提供或很少提供失业福利,就业不足通常是一个相当大的挑战。在这个国家的样本中,平均有37%的达到工作年龄的人口都不工作。对于劳动力短缺来说,唯一一个有意义且不同于技能短缺的测量方式,是持续的低失业率。但失业率的变化也在很大程度上取决于劳动力参与率的变化。

虽然大多数国家都见证了中老年人相对劳动年龄人口的增加,到目前为止,几乎没有哪个国家的工作年龄人口的绝对值下降了。在这个样本中,发展中国家的工作年龄人口的增长持续了几十年,且在1990-2012年之间,世界上只三个发达国家的工作年龄人口在下降。平均下降最为明显的是爱沙尼亚,它每年缩水0.7%,其次是日本,每年下降0.3%,最后是德国,每年下降0.2%。此外,在这些国家中,只有爱沙尼亚工作年龄人口的下降与劳动力下降有关。然而,这种下降部分抵消了劳动力参与率增加,这一增长在很大程度上是由于妇女更积极的参与。

。。。。。。

现代经济,2014,5,161-173

在线出版二月2014

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