小学生的海滩安全教育外文翻译资料

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Beach safety education for primary school children

Jeff Wilks reg; ^a*, Harry Kanasa^b, Donna Pendergast @ ^b and Ken Clark^c

^aSocio-Legal Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; ^b School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith
University, Gold Coast, Australia; ^cSurf Life Saving Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia

(Received 19 August 2015; accepted 17 March 2016)

Childhood drowning remains a serious public health problem worldwide. The Australian Water Safety Council has set as one of its highest priorities the reduction of drowning deaths in children aged 0-14 years. However, concerns have recently been raised that many students completing primary school still lack the ability to recognize potential aquatic risks, cope with emergencies or assist someone else in danger. In this study, 107 primary school children aged 11-12 completed a one day training programme led by surf lifesaving instructors. Pre, post and eight week follow-up measures showed statistically significant improvements in recognition of the red beach closed flag, aquatic safety signs, how to identify a rip current and choosing the safest place to swim at a beach that included a rip current in the picture. Following training students were more willing to provide first aid assistance to family members and friends in an emergency situation. Findings reinforce the value of school-based training that provides a general foundation for aquatic safety, with the caveat that current programmes must be evaluated to ensure their content has a robust prevention focus.

Keywords: beach safety; primary prevention; education; children

.Corresponding author. Email: j.wilks@grififith.edu.au

copy; 2016 Infbrma UK Limited, trading as Taylor amp; Francis Group

Introduction

Drowning is among the 10 leading causes of death of children and young people in every region of the world (World Health Organization, 2014). It is now well established that a childs ability to swim and knowledge of water safety can reduce their drowning risk and provide them with skills that may one day save a life (Birch amp; Matthews, 2013; Queiroga amp; Peden, 2013). Acknowledging that childhood drowning remains a serious public health problem in Australia (Franklin, Scarr, amp; Peam, 2010), the Australian Water Safety Council (2012) has set as one its highest priorities the reduction of drowning deaths in children aged 0-14 years. This focus is justified as concerns have recently been raised that water safety education fbr Australian children is declining (Peden, Franklin, amp; Larsen, 2009) and that many students completing primary school lack the ability to recognize potential aquatic risks, cope with emergencies or assist someone else in danger (Birch amp; Matthews, 2013).

Australian swim school managers recommend that all children aged 11 years should have knowledge about safety at specific aquatic environments, such as beaches, including knowledge of aquatic hazards and water safety signs; learn survival techniques and strategies; as well as being able to tread water and the ability to float. The inclusion of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as a foundation skill fbr children to learn as part of their swimming and water safety education has also been recommended (Royal Life Saving amp; AUSTSWIM, 2010). Unfortunately, while thousands of water safety programmes are run in Australian primary schools each year (AEC Group, 2009) very few are rigorously evaluated and the majority do not include a CPR component. One area of particular concern is beach safety, where a national survey found that almost half (45.6%) of Australian primary school principals considered the level of * beach and surf safety⁵ knowledge among students at their school to be rsquo;poor or very poor^, (AEC Group, 2009).

Australia has over 30,000 km of coastline and 11,912 beaches (Surf Life Saving Australia, 2013). More than 80% of the population lives along the coast, particularly the eastern seaboard. Domestic surveys show that at least half of the Australian population swims at beaches and coastal areas annually, 17% once a month or more often (Surf Life Saving Australia, 2014a), and beach culture is historically part of the national identity (Jaggard, 2007),

While most residents and tourists enjoy safe visits to the beach the coastline can be a hazardous environment. In 2013-2014, there were 84 coastal drowning deaths in Australia (Surf Life Saving Australia, 2014a). Estimates suggest that for each drowning death between 4 and 10 near-drowning victims are hospitalized, and up to 10% of these cases suffer neurological damage (Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, 2001). Focusing only on drowning deaths clearly does not present the full picture for accident prevention in a marine environment, with PricewaterhouseCoopers (2011) concluding that Surf Life Saving services in Australia provide the greatest value in avoiding costs associated not only with drowning deaths but also permanent incapacitation, such as spinal cord and traumatic brain injuries (estimated to cost AUD $2.1 million per incident, per year).

During the last patrol season in 2013-2014, Surf Life Saving Australia members made 11,711 rescues, provided 31,893 first aid treatments and initiated 1,016,037 preventive actions on the nations beaches. While a range of physical and human hazards have been identified in beach settings (Abraldes amp; Perez-Gomez, 2009; Staines, Morgan, amp; Ozanne-Smith, 2005), rip currents remain the main cause of rescues and beach drowning deaths in Australia (Brighton, Sherker, Brander, Thompson, amp; Bradstree

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