Optimal layout of tourist toilets using resilience theory: An empirical study on Dunhua City in ethnic region of China.
Author: Han Ling; Cheng Yeqing; Cui Zhehao; Xi Guangliang
Source：PloS one
Published time：2021-01-01
4. Discussion
The results of these analysis identified that the layout of tourist toilets in urban area presents the characters of quantity shortage, lower class, limited service scope, unbalanced overall layout caused by obvious extreme agglomeration of the old and new urban areas. This situation fails to meet ordinary demand from citizens and lacks resilience during the tourism season. Additionally, the gaps in the toilet service in important areas have exposed the unreasonable level setting and location of tourist toilets, which brings negative impact on the cityrsquo;s tourism image. Since the areas to the west of the Danjiang district are the main direction of urban expansion, and close to the core scenic area of LDM, the demand for tourist toilet service is increasing gradually. Nevertheless, its planning and construction also fail to keep up with the development pace of the city. For scenic areas, due to the fact that LDM is the only national 5A-level scenic spot in the this ethnic region, a serious tilt in resource input inevitably appeared. This also lead to homogenization phenomenon in the layout of its tourist toilets. The over dense arrangement of Class I toilets can easily lead to a waste of resources, and has a potential impact on the surrounding environment. Compared with LDM, the situation of tourist toilets in YML, LBM and HCR is more problematic, including seriously insufficient quantity, low class, small service scope, unreasonable layout, resulting polarization between scenic areas and uneven distribution of resources.
Our study extended previous research that LA modeling can effectively avoid wasting resources and provide a scientific basis for the reasonable layout of tourist toilet facilities with different types and different grade classification from the two dimensions of urban and scenic areas. Based on this, it was proposed to renovate and upgrade 15 existing toilets, add 26 new fixed toilets and 6 resilient toilets in the urban area, thereby increasing the toilet coverage from 33% to 64%, which meets the requirements of the national setting standard of urban environment and sanitation facilities. In the scenic areas, the average scenic spot coverage of toilets has increased from 15% to 93.5%, which greatly improves the quantity, quality and grade of tourist toilets, as well as the rationality and effectiveness of its spatial layout.
Tourism is an important driving force for the development of ethnic regions, but tourism activities themselves are full of mobility and uncertainty, especially for sensitive and complex ethnic areas. The single-threaded non-redundant system that single-sidedly emphasized economic efficiency in the past is obviously not suitable for this complex environment. We now need to have a certain degree of redundancy and space in this situation where efficiency may not be the highest, but it is sustainable. Equivalent to sustainable development, resilience theory focuses on the comprehensive development of economy, society and the environment. In fact, it is a theoretical model that emphasizes balance between different variables. This is consistent with the goal of paying more attention to fairness in addition to the optimization of facility layout. It helps researchers to have a more comprehensive understanding of the possible future prospects, and it is a bottom-up planning view from the perspective of tourists and residents, rather than simply representing the government and developers. From this perspective, in order to promote the sustainable development of tourism, this article aims to apply the concept of resilience in the field of tourism research, and provide a new perspective for the layout of sanitation facilities in tourism activities.
Resilience theory adopts a system view, solving the critical problem of how to make a system more capable of adapting to complex changes and responding to external shocks. The extension of the meaning of the tourist toilet means that it has already become a system, so this study focuses on improving the resilience of the tourist toilet system from the macro layout, which is a kind of resilience that concentrates more on materiality and structure. It should also be noted that tourist toilets represent a kind of living space, and it is necessary to enhance its social resilience. However, this article has insufficient consideration in this aspect. In the future, it should be improved from the perspective of relevant stakeholders to improve its social resilience. In addition, because the natural conditions of the scenic spots are different, for example, LBM scenic area is a virgin forest area, the topography and landforms have a greater impact on the layout of its tourist toilets, and the optimal plan provided by this paper is more ideal, which also leads regret. Furthermore, the micro-level resilient layout and design of tourist toilets, such as green roofs, rain barrels or reservoirs, are also directions that can be expanded in the future.
5. Conclusions
Achieving an optimal layout of tourist toilet is vitally important when it comes to meeting the public service needs of residents and tourists, enhancing the quality of tourism, maximizing local welfare as well as establishing a harmonious society. For those underdeveloped ethnic regions where tourism is a regional priority, the tourism environment is in urgent need of improvement.
Employing the term lsquo;tourist toiletrsquo; in its broad sense, we analyzed the current situation of the layout of tourist toilets form the perspective of urban and scenic areas in Dunhua City. Our findings showed that tourist toilets
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