通过高太阳红外反射率高效制冷的双层颜色辐射降温涂料外文翻译资料

 2022-08-05 15:41:47

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Colored and paintable bilayer coatings with high solar-infrared reflectance for efficient cooling

通过高太阳红外反射率高效制冷的双层颜色辐射降温涂料

Yijun Chen1,2*, Jyotirmoy Mandal1*, Wenxi Li3, Ajani Smith-Washington4, Cheng-Chia Tsai1, Wenlong Huang1, Sajan Shrestha1, Nanfang Yu1dagger;, Ray P. S. Han2, Anyuan Cao2, Yuan Yang1dagger;

Solar reflective and thermally emissive surfaces offer a sustainable way to cool objects under sunlight. However, white or silvery reflectance of these surfaces does not satisfy the need for color. Here, we present a paintable bilayer coating that simultaneously achieves color and radiative cooling. The bilayer comprises a thin, visible- absorptive layer atop a nonabsorptive, solar-scattering underlayer. The top layer absorbs appropriate visible wavelengths to show specific colors, while the underlayer maximizes the reflection of near-to-short wavelength infrared (NSWIR) light to reduce solar heating. Consequently, the bilayer attains higher NSWIR reflectance (by 0.1 to 0.51) compared with commercial paint monolayers of the same color and stays cooler by as much as 3.0° to 15.6°C under strong sunlight. High NSWIR reflectance of 0.89 is realized in the blue bilayer. The performances show that the bilayer paint design can achieve both color and efficient radiative cooling in a simple, inexpensive, and scalable manner.

可反射太阳光和自身进行热辐射的表面为在阳光下冷却物体提供了一种可持续、可实现的方式和思路。然而，这些表面的白色或银色并不能满足人们对颜色的需要。所以，我们提出了一个可涂装的双分子层涂层，同时实现了满足颜色需求和冷却需求。该双分子层包括上层薄、和展示颜色的表层和下层进行太阳散射的衬层。上层吸收适当的可见光波长以显示特定的颜色，而下层最大限度地反射近红外光以减少太阳加热。与同颜色的单层涂料相比，双层涂料具有更高的近红外光反射率(0.1至0.51) ，在强烈阳光下保持3.0 ℃至15.6 ℃的低温。在蓝双层膜中实现了0.89的高近红外光反射率。实验结果表明，双层涂料设计能够以简单、廉价、可实现的方式同时满足颜色需求和达到高效辐射冷却功能。

INTRODUCTION

Cooling terrestrial objects, such as buildings, vehicles, and data cen- ters, is a critical challenge that we face today. However, cooling is often energy intensive, as predominantly used compression-based coolers consume a a substantial amount of electricity. For example, cooling indoor spaces contributes to ~15% of total household electricity usage in the United States (1). Moreover, these cooling designs have a net cooling heating effect and often require ozone-depleting or greenhouse gas– releasing coolants. Hence, alternative approaches with low energy consumption and a net cooling effect are desirable (2, 3).

冷却地面物体，比如建筑物，交通工具，和数据传输器，是我们今天面临的一个大挑战。然而，冷却往往是能源密集型的，因为主要使用的冷却器消耗大量的电力。例如，在美国，冷却室内空间用电量占家庭总用电量的15%。不仅如此，这些冷却器总是存在一个净热效应并且总是导致臭氧层的破坏且释放温室气体。所以，寻找低能耗和具有高效降温净功率的可替代产品是非常必要的。

One such promising alternative is radiative cooling using surfaces with high solar reflectance (Rsolar) and high emittance (є) including in the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) atmospheric transmission window. The high Rsolar minimizes solar heating, while the high є enables radiative heat loss to the cold outer space, allowing the object to stay cool even under sunlight. Because of its passive and eco-friendly operation and its net cooling effect (4–7), radiative cooling designs have been widely investigated. Examples of these designs include white paints (8–10), porous (11) or metallized (12–14) polymers, polymer- dielectric composites (14–18), photonic architectures (19–22), and natural materials (23–25).

其中一个很有前景的、可替代辐射冷却的方法是使用具有高太阳反射率和高辐射率的表面，这种表面同时利用了远波红外大气窗口。高的太阳反射率最大程度减小了热量的输入，同时高的辐射率将热损失散耗到外部冷的空间中，实现了即使在太阳光下物体也能保持较低温度。正是由于其有效和环境友好 ，同时能够产生降温净功率，辐射降温的设计很有投资前景。这些设计包括：白色漆料，多孔或镀金属聚合物，高分子介电复合物，光子结构和天然材料。

Usually, these designs maximize radiative cooling by using metal mirrors or white materials with high Rsolar. However, their broadband reflectance in visible wavelengths restricts their use in real-life situations. For instance, white colors are often not desirable as coatings on buildings or other objects for aesthetic or functional reasons (26–28). Furthermore, the white or silvery glare from these designs can harm human eyes. Colored radiative coolers (CRCs) have been explored to address this issue (29–34).

一般地，这些设计通过具有很高太阳反射率金属表层和白色材料最大程度进行了辐射降温。然而他们在可见光区的宽带反射限制了他们在现实生活中的应用。比如，人们不会为了好看或为了某种功能把白色涂层做到建筑或其他物体上。还有，白色或银色涂层对人的眼睛不好。为此，我们开发了颜色辐射降温涂层来解决这一问题。

In a CRC, part(s) of the visible spectrum (VIS; 0.4 to 0.74 m) is selectively ab- sorbed to exhibit the desired color, while other solar wavelengths, in particular, the near-to-short wavelength infrared (NSWIR; 0.74 to2.5 m), are reflected (Fig. 1A). Since NSWIR wavelengths carry 51% of total solar energy, a high NSWIR reflectance (RNSWIR) consider- ably reduces solar heating. In addition, the cooler also has a high, broadband є to effectively radiate heat to the cold sky. However, ex- isting CRCs are limited in either their performance or their scope.For instance multilayer photonic CRCs(29,39)have a high cooling performance but currently are rather expensive and difficult to apply on buildings or cars, which have various shapes, sizes, and textures (35, 36). Colored paints containing TiO2 and colorants (31, 34), on the other hand, are scalable but usually absorb NSWIR wavelengths to become hot under sunlight. Therefore, simultaneously achieving color and a cooling performance in a highly scalable manner remains a challenge.

在颜色辐射降温涂层中，只吸收我们需要的颜色光来展示颜色，而其他波长的光，特别是近红外（0.74到2.5微米）被反射(图1a)。由于近红外光占太阳能总量的51% ，高近红外反射率（R近红外）可以有效地减少太阳引起的温度升高。此外，冷却可通过一个高、宽带有效地散热到寒冷的环境中。然而，现存的颜色辐射降温涂层的性能和范围都是有限的。比如，多层的光谱有很好的降温性能，但是现存的各种形状、大小、纹理的涂料都价格昂贵，且难以在建筑或车辆上应用。颜色涂料包含了二氧化钛和染料，一方面，可以做出来，但总是包含近红外波长，所以阳光下会比较热。因此，通过可实现性高的方式同时实现颜色需求和冷却性能的满足是一个巨大的挑战。

Here, we report a bilayer CRC paint coating (Fig. 1, B and C) that consists of a top layer containing a colorant, and an underlayer made of porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropro

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