An observational analysis of warm-sector rainfall characteristics associated with the 21 July 2012 Beijing extreme rainfall event
Authors
Abstract
An observational analysis of the multiscale processes leading to the extreme rainfall event in Beijing on 21 July 2012 is performed using rain gauge records, Doppler radar, and satellite products, radiosondes, and atmospheric analysis. This rainstorm process included two heavy rainfall stages in the early afternoon [1300–1400 Beijing Standard time (BST) (0500–0600 UTC)] and the evening (1600–1900 BST), respectively. The first stage exhibited warm-sector rainfall characteristics as it occurred under low-level warm and moist southeasterly flows ahead of a synoptic-scale vortex and a cold front. When the southeasterly flows turned northeastward along a southwest-northeast oriented mountain range in western Beijing, mesoscale convergence centers formed on the windward side of the mountain range in the early afternoon, initiating moist convection. Radar echo showed a northeastward propagation as these flows extended northward. Despite the shallowness of moist convection in the warm sector, atmospheric liquid water content showed the rapid accumulation, and a large amount of supercooled water and/or ice particles was possibly accumulated above the melting level. These appeared to contribute to the occurrence of the largest rainfall rate. During the second stage, as the synoptic-scale vortex moved across Beijing, with southeastward intrusion of its northwesterly flows, the vortex-associated lifting caused the generation of strong updrafts aloft and formed deep convection. This facilitated the further accumulation of supercooled water and/or ice particles above the melting level. Radar echo propagated southeastward. Liquid water showed a decrease in the lower troposphere, and there were strong downdrafts due to evaporation of liquid water particles, which resulted in the relatively weak hourly rainfall rates.
1 Introduction
Summer rainstorms in east China are often dominated by southwesterly or southeasterly monsoonal flows [e.g., Tao, 1981; Chen et al., 1991; Ding, 2004; Zhao et al., 2007]. The strong southerly flows transport abundant warm and moist air from tropical oceans and supply sufficient moisture for the development of rainstorms. Moreover, the development and track of extratropical cyclones are also sensitive to moist disturbance [Cao and Moore,1998; Cao and Zhang, 2005]. When the southerly flows hit mountains [Huang et al., 1986] or are lifted by “old” cold boundaries associated with previously dissipated mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), there is usually the occurrence of heavy rainfall events [Zhang and Zhang, 2012; Luo et al., 2014]. These rainstorms occur within warm and moist air masses with little thermal gradients that are far away from cold fronts, so they are referred to as warm-sector rainstorms [Nozumi and Arakawa, 1968; Tao, 1981]. The warm-sector rainstorms are found to account for many heavy rainfall events in China [Tao, 1981].
There have been numerous studies of warm-sector rainstorms occurring in south China. They are closely related to onsets of southwesterly monsoon or accompanied by low-level southwesterly jets ahead of Meiyu fronts [Feng and Luo, 1997; Xue, 1999; Zhou et al.,2012年7月21日北京极端降雨事件暖区降雨特征的观察分析
在本节中,我们利用大气分析数据,雷达衍生产品(如水平和等),和卫星产品,分析天气尺度和中尺度大气环流特征的两个暴雨过程(在午后和晚上)。
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