基于有序聚类的青藏高原雨季信息提取研究外文翻译资料

 2022-12-29 11:58:18

本科毕业设计（论文）

外文翻译

Spatial and temporal precipitation patterns characterized by TRMM TMPA over the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and surroundings

作者：Ziqiang Maa, Yaping Xub, Jie Penga, Qiuxiao Chenc, Dan Wand, Kang Hea, Zhou Shia and Hongyi Lie

国籍：中国

出处：international journal of remote sensing

Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; bDepartment of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; cDepartment of Regional and Urban Planning, College of Civil Engineering and Architectures, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; dCollege of Resource and Environment Rresearch Center of soil and water conservation of Alpine, Tibet College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Linzhi, Tibet, China; eDepartment of Land Resource Management, School of Tourism and Urban Management, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China

ABSTRACT

Compared with traditional methods to investigate spatial and temporal precipitation patterns over mountainous regions with limited meteorological observations, satellite-based precipitation estimates provide much more information to aid in understanding spatial distribution and variability, especially on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions (TP), where the precipitation climate has been insufficiently documented so far. The monthly Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B43 V7 datasets, with high resolution(0.25°), were firstly applied in this study to investigate the spatial and temporal precipitation patterns over the TP,from1998to2013.We found that the mean precipitation at the TP scale did not show clear trends at monthly, seasonal, or annual scales. We also found that precipitation over the TP shows different spatial variation trends at different temporal scales. For example, along the southern Himalayas, there is a clearly decreasing annual precipitation trend, with rates ranging from minus;120 to minus;20 mm/year, and the precipitation increases along the west coast of India to eastern Pamir, with rates larger than 20 mm/year. Another finding was that the precipitation climate over the TP is influenced by different atmospheric circulation patterns; the contribution of monthly and seasonal precipitation to total annual precipitation varies spatially. For instance, the annual precipitation along the southern Himalayas and the southeast TP mainly occurs in summer, and the northwest TP mainly receives precipitation in spring and winter.

1. Introduction

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings (TP) play a critical role for downstream hydrology and water availability in Asia, as well as for climate change research at various spatial scales (Immerzeel, Beek, and Berkens 2010). Precipitation, snowmelt, and glaciers dominate the hydrological budget of the TP with varying relative importance, from regional to watershed scales (Bookhagen and Burbank 2010; Kaser, Grosshauser, and Marzeion 2010). A large number of glaciers on the TP are retreating, and the shrinkage patterns vary spatially, from the southeast to the northwest of the TP(Yao et al. 2012), and are largely related to precipitation amount, type, and seasonality (Shi and Liu 2000; Fujita 2008).However, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the climate and climate change (e.g., precipitation climate) has yet to be quantified, especially over regions where in situ measurements are limited or even nonexistent (Palazzi, Hardenberg, and Provenzale 2013).

The TP climate is under the complex influences of the Indian monsoon, the westerlies, and, to a lesser extent, the East Asian monsoon (Schiemann et al. 2008). Due to a combination of mechanical and thermal effects, the highly elevated TP acts as a controlling factor for the Asian monsoon systems and for global atmospheric circulation, which has been a key research field (Hahn and Manabe 1975; Wu et al. 2012). However, precipitation variability and spatial patterns on the TP have been less studied so far, due to the coupling effects of various monsoon systems and the westerlies (Maussion et al. 2013).

Due to the paucity of meteorology observations, the precipitation climate on the TP has been insufficiently documented so far, which is the major reason for the limited knowledge of precipitation information over the TP (Maussion et al. 2013). Permanent meteorology stations are sparse and mainly confined to lower altitudes (Figure 1), which are also not representative of the high mountain climate (Qin et al. 2009). Global reanalysis datasets, such as the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), with a spatial resolution of 2.5 ° (Huffman et al. 2009; Adler et al. 2003), are too coarse to represent detailed precipitation information, especially over such complex topographical regions (e.g., orographical precipitation) (You et al. 2012).

Figure 1. Distribution of rainfall gauges used to validate precipitation variation on the TP.

Over the last three decades, various pathfinders have been explored to monitor precipitation from satellites. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) in 1997 and aimed to observe tropical and subtropical rain systems (Kummerow et al. 1998; Kummerow et al. 2000). TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) data incorporated ground observation data from other satel

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