附录B 外文原文
1 Introduction
In publishing their financial statements, corporate organizations fully disclose matters concerning their operations to aid investors in making investment decisions (Blessing and Onoja, 2015). The goal of corporate managers is to maximize the value of the firm, which is determined by the investment and financing decisions made by the managers of the firm (McGowan and Stambaugh, 2012).
Ratios are used to establish the relationship between two variables and how they influence one another, and ratio analysis offers a means by which the financial and operational ills of a business enterprise can be effectively diagnosed (Agala, Jadhav and Borhade, 2014). Ratios also point out areas for further investigation. To guide decision making, managers analyze financial statements together with the ratios given. Analysis and interpretation of financial statements is an important tool in assessing the companyrsquo;s performance and gives investors an indication of the level of risk associated with that particular firm. For an investor, this is important and relevant information.
Different ratios are used to measure different aspects of the business in terms of performance, liquidity, riskiness and profitability. Of these possible indicators, literature indicates that the most important measure of profitability and performance is the one which is calculated using DuPont analysis. Demmer (2015) notes that changes in profit margin provide incremental information for predicting changes in future return on assets, and Soliman (2008) cites DuPont components as yielding important information about the operating characteristics of a firm.
2 Literature review
2.1 Development of the DuPont model.
The DuPont model was created in the early 1900s to assess the profitability of a business (Sheela and Karthikeyan, 2012). Modified twice after its initial conception, the original DuPont method of financial ratio analysis was developed in 1918 by F. Donaldson Brown, an engineer at DuPont in charge of understanding the finances of a company that DuPont was acquiring, who recognized a mathematical relationship between profitability and return on equity (ROE) that was determined by return on assets (ROA).
Since ROA impacts both profitability and efficiency, operating decisions of a firm in terms of planning and control will, thus, focus on increasing ROA, but the first modification of the DuPont model shifted the focus from ROA to ROE, incorporating debt or “leverage” as a third area of attention. This modification made the DuPont model a powerful tool for strategic decision making within an organization to increase ROE (Collier, McGowan and Muhammad, 2006).
The latest modification of the DuPont model incorporates a combination of five ratios to determine ROE. With the focus of annual statements from a managerial perspective being to assess a firmrsquo;s financial performance, the significance of operating decisions (profitability and efficiency) and financing decisions (leverage) upon ROE continues to be important, and recent evidence has shown that this modified DuPont approach can be used to identify the causes of financial problems within manufacturing companies (Liesz and Maranville, 2008).
According to Rogova (2014), DuPont analysis effectively revealed factors of efficiency which had, in turn, impacted on the investment appeal of Russian oil-extracting companies. It was found that a strong advantage of ROE was the possibility of its disaggregation into different profitability ratios, with ROE indicating profitability and efficiency from the shareholdersrsquo; point of view.
2.1.1 The DuPont analysis system.
The DuPont system of financial analysis is based on return on equity, with the components of this ratio being the net profit margin, the total asset turnover and the equity multiplier (McGowan and Stambaugh, 2012). DuPont analysis is a preferred method to estimate the market value of a firm, indicating the leverage of a company to improve future profitability through more efficient utilization of its assets which will, in turn, improve the return to shareholders – higher leverage being preferable for potential investors. Demmer (2015) reports documentation in prior literature on the usefulness of DuPont disaggregation for predicting a firmrsquo;s future profitability, operating income, and stock market returns and concludes that changes in profit margin provide important and relevant information on future return on assets. His findings also imply that DuPont components are partially influenced by the quality of the firmsrsquo; expected earnings. He points to recent financial statement analysis (FSA) research which has shown the usefulness of change in profit margin for predicting year-ahead changes in RNOA (Demmer, 2015).
2.1.2 Earnings quantity and the influence on profitability forecasts.
According to Dechow et al. (2010), the quality of earnings is recognized as higher when they provide more information about the features of a firmrsquo;s financial performance for decision making, which, in turn, depends on the specific situation. It has also been stated in prior literature that the accounting system influences both future profitability and market reactions of a firm (Demmer, 2015).
Investment decisions affect the operating leverage of a firm, and financing decisions impact the degree of financial leverage of a firm. These, in turn, determine the future cash flows of the firm (Collier, McGowan and Muhammed, 2006). According to Soliman (2008), a change in asset turnover is positively related to future changes in earnings, and he goes on to discuss the extent to which competitive forces differently affect the profitability of a firm, noting that large profit margins draw new entrants into the mar
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附录A 译文
利用杜邦分析评估食品行业三大JSE上市公司的财务业绩
1 引言
在公布其财务报表时,公司组织充分披露了与其业务有关的事项,以帮助投资者作出投资决定(Blessing and Onoja,2015)。公司经理的目标是使公司的价值最大化,这是由公司经理作出的投资和融资决定决定的(McGowan和Stambaugh,2012年)。
比率用于确定两个变量之间的关系以及它们如何相互影响,比率分析提供了一种有效诊断工商企业财务和业务弊病的手段(Agala、Jadhav和Borhade,2014年)。比率还指出了需要进一步调查的领域。为了指导决策,经理们分析财务报表和给定的比率。对财务报表的分析和解释是评估公司业绩的一个重要工具,并向投资者表明与该特定公司相关的风险水平。对于投资者来说,这是重要而相关的信息。
不同的比率用于衡量业务的不同方面的表现,流动性,风险和盈利能力。在这些可能的指标中,有文献表明,衡量盈利能力和业绩的最重要指标是杜邦分析法(DuPont Analysis)计算的指标。Demmer(2015)指出,利润率的变化为预测未来资产回报率的变化,Soliman(2008)引用杜邦组件提供了关于公司经营特征的重要信息。
2 文献综述
2.1 杜邦模型的发展
杜邦模型创建于20世纪初,目的是评估企业的盈利能力(Sheela和Karthikeyan,2012年)。杜邦最初的财务分析方法在最初构思后修改了两次,由杜邦公司负责了解杜邦收购公司财务状况的工程师F·唐纳森·布朗(F.Donaldson Brown)于1918年提出,他认识到盈利能力与股本回报率(ROE)之间的数学关系,这种关系是由资产回报率(ROA)决定的。
ROA影响盈利能力和效率,因此,一家公司在计划和控制方面的经营决策将重点放在提高ROA上,但DuPont模型的第一次修改将重点从ROA转移到ROE,将债务或杠杆纳入“第三个关注领域”。这一修改使杜邦模型成为一个组织内进行战略决策以提高ROE的有力工具(Collier、McGowan和Muhammad,2006年)。
杜邦模型的这一最大的修改结合了五个比率来确定ROE。从管理的角度来看,年度报表的重点是评估公司的财务业绩,经营决策(盈利能力和效率)和融资决定(杠杆)对ROE的重要性仍然很重要,最近的证据表明,这种改进的杜邦方法可用于查明制造公司内部财务问题的原因(Liesz和Maranville,2008年)。
根据rogova(2014年),杜邦的分析有效地揭示了效率因素,而这些因素反过来又影响了俄罗斯石油开采公司的投资吸引力。研究发现,ROE的一个强大优势是它有可能分解成不同的盈利比率,ROE从股东的角度来表示盈利能力和效率。
2.1.1 杜邦分析系统
杜邦的财务分析系统以股本回报率为基础,这一比率的组成部分是净利润率、总资产周转率和股本乘数。杜邦分析(DuPont Analysis)是估算公司市值的一种较佳方法,表明一家公司通过更有效地利用其资产来提高未来盈利能力的杠杆作用,这反过来将提高股东的回报--更高的杠杆率是潜在投资者的首选。Demmer(2015)报告了以往文献中关于杜邦分类对预测公司未来盈利能力、营业收入和股票市场回报的有用性的文献,并得出结论认为,利润率的变化提供了有关未来资产回报率的重要相关信息。他的发现还暗示杜邦公司的部件部分受到公司预期收益质量的影响。他指出,最近的财务报表分析(FSA)研究表明,利润率的变化对于预测RNOA未来一年的变化是有用的(Demmer,2015)。
2.1.2 盈利数量及其对盈利能力预测的影响
根据Dechow等人的说法。(2010)当它们提供更多关于公司财务业绩特征的信息供决策时,收益质量被认为是较高的,而这反过来又取决于具体情况。以前的文献还指出,会计制度对公司未来的盈利能力和市场反应都有影响(Demmer,2015)。
投资决策影响企业的经营杠杆,融资决策影响企业的财务杠杆程度。这些反过来决定了公司未来的现金流。Soliman(2008)认为,资产周转率的变化与未来收益的变化呈正相关,他接着讨论了竞争力量对公司盈利能力的不同影响程度,指出巨大的利润率吸引了新的利润。
Blessing和Onoja(2015)一致认为,盈利能力、资产、负债和股票是评价公司业绩报告和作出投资决定的重要方法。他们指出,人们普遍认为,公布的财务报表未能为投资者和财务报表的其他用户提供可信的信息。
2.2 研究目的
本研究的主要目的是确定财务报表在投资决策中的作用。
2.3 研究方法
为了检验这一研究假设,本研究使用了JSE上市的三家食品制造公司的2013和2014年财务报表的二级数据,其两个主要竞争对手--老虎品牌(Tiger Brands)和RCL Foods进行了对比。该模型适用于潜在投资者的投资决策和银行及其他企业组织的决策。
3 三家公司的财务分析
3.1 现金流量分析
虽然损益表和其他综合收入报表(使用权责发生制会计)传递了关于企业资金流入和流出的重要信息,但现金流量表(采用收付实现制会计)真实地反映了该企业在该财政年度的实际现金流动情况。
表一:业务现金流量/周转率
公司 |
周转率 |
2014 |
周转率 |
2013 |
先锋食品 |
2154/17698.6 |
12.17% |
1429/16240.9 |
8.79% |
老虎品牌 |
4193.2/30126.0 |
13.92% |
3974.1/27064.7 |
14.68% |
RCL食品 |
1174/19719 |
5.95% |
669/10108 |
6.62% |
经营现金流量/周转率表明,收到多少现金周转R1.00。2013年至2014年间,先锋食品的这一比例从8.79%上升到12.17%(相当于营业额的8.79cper R1.00)。随着更多的营业额被转换成实际可用的现金,这对公司有利,而且对投资者来说也是一个很好的指标,因为它表明了现金流动的情况,有更多的资金可用于支付短期债务。
表二:自由现金流量
公司 |
自由现金流 |
2014 |
自由现金流 |
2013 |
先锋食品 |
1767.2-486 |
1281.2 |
1196-828 |
368 |
老虎品牌 |
3106.9-983 |
2123.9 |
2879.3-727.6 |
2151.7 |
RCL食品 |
638-653 |
(15) |
610-476 |
134 |
自由现金流量被定义为净经营现金流量减去资本支出。2013年至2014年,先锋食品的自由现金流从3.68亿兰特增至1.2812亿兰特,增幅为248%。相比之下,老虎品牌2014年的自由现金流为22390万卢比,比2013年下降1.29%,而RCL Foods 2014年的自由现金流为-150万卢比。自由现金流是投资者的一个重要指标;它表明,公司有很强的能力避免过度借贷,并有能力扩大业务和支付股息。先锋食品拥有积极且不断增长的自由现金流,这一点很重要,因为它能让公司抓住增加股东财富的机会。因此,投资者认为先锋食品自由现金流的增加是一个令人鼓舞的积极指标。
表三营运现金/债务总额
公司 |
比率 |
2014 |
比率 |
2013 |
先锋食品 |
1767.2/6229.3 |
28.37% |
1196/4661.8 |
25.66% |
老虎品牌 |
1639.7/10904.9 |
15.04% |
1453.2/10726 |
13.55% |
RCL食品 |
666/10474 |
6.36% |
610/10347 |
5.86% |
2014年,经营活动产生的现金占债务总额的比例为28.37%,2013年为25.66%,增幅为2.7%。这意味着先锋食品已经产生了足够的现金来支付其全部债务的28.36%。尽管这一比率似乎很低,但在行业层面的比较中,这一比率比最具竞争力的竞争对手高出13.33%。2014年,老虎品牌的比例为15.04%,比先锋食品低13.33%。2014年,RCL Foods的比例为6.35%,比先锋食品低22.01%。
4 杜邦比率分析
在分析先锋食品在2013-2014年期间的业绩时,一个合适的起点是杜邦分析,其中适用以下假设:
*按比率计算的“税前利润”等于持续经营的利润。
*平均权益不包括非控制权益。
杜邦分析比率见附录A。
先锋食品实现的14.93%的股本回报率是非常令人满意的,而RCL食品的股本回报率为-3.59%。RCL食品表现不佳的主要原因是罢工,再加上全国性的家禽行业危机。由于先锋食品的产品种类繁多,因此受家禽危机影响较小。此外,该公司还拆分了与家禽相关的量子食品,并将资源集中在利润更高的业务上。这种策略保护了他们在市场充满敌意的情况下的回报。
老虎品牌的股本回报率为15.33%,比先锋食品高0.4%。老虎品牌的表现可以归因于其较高的利润率为6.62%,而先锋食品的利润率为5.35%。先锋食品的杠杆率仅为老虎品牌的0.01倍。因此,这两家公司都使用了类似的杠杆,但老虎品牌的利润更高。
杜邦(DuPont)的分析显示,与先锋食品或RCL食品相比,老虎品牌更有利于投资。
4.1 流动性
流动性是指公司履行短期债务的能力。充足的流动性意味着有足够的流动资产支付流动负债。
表四 流动比率
|
|||||
先锋食品 |
老虎品牌 |
RCL |
|||
2014 |
2013 |
2012 |
2014 |
2014 |
|
5420.9/3920.7=1.38:1 |
4416.1/2357.2=1.87:1 |
5079.6/3035.5= 1.67:1 |
10728.3/9371.9 = 1.14:1 |
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