我国上市公司期权激励对公司绩效的影响外文翻译资料

 2022-12-10 16:11:07

The Diffusion of Equity Incentive Plans in Italian Listed Companies

1.INTRODUCTION

Past studies have brought to light the dissimilarities in the pay packages of managers in Anglo-Saxon countries as compared with other nations (e.g., Bebchuk, Fried and Walker, 2002; Cheffins and Thomas, 2004; Zattoni, 2007). In the UK and, above all in the US, remuneration encompasses a variety of components, and short and long term variable pay carries more weight than elsewhere (Conyon and Murphy, 2000). In other countries, however, fixed wages have always been the main ingredient in top managersrsquo; pay schemes. Over time, variable short-term pay has become more substantial and the impact of fringe benefits has gradually grown. Notwithstanding, incentives linked to reaching medium to long-term company goals have never been widely used (Towers Perrin, 2000).

In recent years, however, pay packages of managers have undergone an appreciable change as variable pay has increased considerably, even outside the US and the UK. In particular, managers in most countries have experienced an increase in the variable pay related to long-term goals. Within the context of this general trend toward medium and long-term incentives, there is a pronounced tendency to adopt plans involving stocks or stock options (Towers Perrin, 2000; 2005). The drivers of the diffusion of long term incentive plans seem to be some recent changes in the institutional and market environment at the local and global levels. Particularly important triggers of the convergence toward the US pay paradigm are both market oriented drivers, such as the evolving share ownership patterns or the internationalization of the labor market, and law-oriented drivers, such as corporate or tax regulation (Cheffins and Thomas, 2004). Driven by these changes in the institutional and market environment, we observe a global trend toward the “Americanization of international pay practices,” characterized by high incentives and very lucrative compensation mechanisms (e.g., Cheffins, 2003; Cheffins and Thomas, 2004).

Ironically, the spread of the US pay paradigm around the world happens when it is hotly debated at home. In particular, the critics are concerned with both the level of executive compensation packages and the use of equity incentive plans (Cheffins and Thomas, 2004). Critics stressed that US top managers, and particularly the CEOs, receive very lucrative compensation packages. The rsquo;80s and rsquo;90s saw an increasing disparity between CEOrsquo;s pay and that of rank-and-file workers. Thanks to this effect, their direct compensation has become a hundred times that of an average employee (Hall and Liebman, 1998). The main determinants of the increasing level of CEOsrsquo; and executivesrsquo; compensation are annual bonuses and, above all, stock option grants (Conyon and Murphy, 2000). Stock option plans have recently been criticized by scholars and public opinion because they characteristically are too generous and symptomatic of a managerial extraction of the firmrsquo;s value (Bebchuk et al., 2002; Bebchuk and Fried, 2006).

In light of these recent events and of the increased tendency to adopt equity incentive plans, this paper aims at understanding the reasons behind the dissemination of stock option and stock granting plans outside the US and the UK. The choice to investigate this phenomenon in Italy relies on the following arguments. First, the large majority of previous studies analyze the evolution of executive compensation and equity incentive plans in the US and, to a smaller extent, in the UK. Second, ownership structure and governance practices in continental European countries are substantially different from the ones in Anglo-Saxon countries. Third, continental European countries, and Italy in particular, almost ignored the use of these instruments until the end of the rsquo;90s.

Our goal is to compare the explanatory power of three competing views on the diffusion of equity incentive plans: 1) the optimal contracting view, which states that compensation packages are designed to minimize agency costs between managers and shareholders (Jensen and Murphy, 1990); 2) the rent extraction view, which states that powerful insiders may influence the pay process for their own benefit (Bebchuk et al., 2002); and 3) the perceived-cost view (Hall and Murphy, 2003), which states that companies may favor some compensation schemes for their (supposed or real)cost advantages.

To this purpose, we conducted an empirical study on the reasons why Italian listed companies adopted equity incentive plans since the end of the rsquo;90s. To gain a deep understanding of the phenomenon, we collected data and information both on the evolution of the national institutional environment in the last decade and on the diffusion and the characteristics (i.e., technical aspects and objectives) of equity incentive plans adopted by Italian listed companies in 1999 and 2005. We used both logit models and difference-of-means statistical techniques to analyze data. Our results show that: 1) firm size, and not its ownership structure, is a determinant of the adoption of these instruments; 2) these plans are not extensively used to extract company value, although a few cases suggest this possibility; and 3) plansrsquo; characteristics are consistent with the ones defined by tax law to receive special fiscal treatment.

Our findings contribute to the development of the literature on both the rationales behind the spreading of equity incentive schemes and the diffusion of new governance practices. They show, in fact, that equity incentive plans have been primarily adopted to take advantage of large tax benefits, and that in some occasions they may have been used by controlling shareholders to extract company value at the expense of minority shareholders. In other words, our findings suggest that Italian listed companies adopted equity incentive plans

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1.引言

过去的研究揭示了管理者薪酬在盎格鲁撒克逊国家和其他国家相比的差异(例如,贝舒克,弗莱德和瓦尔克,2002;柴芬斯和托马斯,2004;萨特尼,2007)。在英国,尤其是美国,报酬包括各种部分,和其他地方薪酬相比,短期和长期的可变报酬占了主要部分(康勇和墨菲,2002)。然而在其他国家,固定工资在高级管理者的薪酬计划中占了主要部分。随着时间的推移,可变短期报酬已经变得更为重要,附加福利的影响已经逐渐增加。尽管如此,与达到中期到长期的公司目标挂钩的激励机制从来没有被广泛应用。

然而,最近几年,管理者的全部报酬已经经历了一个相当可观的改变,可变报酬已经合理增加,这包括了除美国和英国以外的国家。尤其是,大多数国家的的管理者已经经历了与长期目标相关的可变报酬的增加。在趋向中期和长期激励的大的背景下,出现了一个显著的趋势—采用与股票或股权期权相关的计划(韬睿派林,2000;2005)。在当地和国际水平下,长期激励计划传播的推动者在体制和市场环境中看起来最近有些变化。特别重要是对美国的报酬范例趋同触发器都以市场为导向的驱动,例如股权形式的演化或劳动力市场的国际化,法律驱动,例如法人或税收规则(柴芬斯和托马斯,2004)。在体制和市场环境中,由于这些变化的推动,我们观察到了一个趋向于“国际报酬行为美国化”的全球趋势,以高奖励和非常丰厚的报酬机制为特点(例如,柴芬斯,2003;柴芬斯和托马斯,2004)。

讽刺的是,美国报酬范例在本国激烈争论时,就在世界范围发生扩散了。特别是,评论家关注管理层薪资水平和股权激励计划的应用(柴芬斯和托马斯,2004)。评论家强调美国高层管理者,特别是首席执行官,都获得非常丰厚的报酬。八九十年代出现了首席执行官和基层员工之间报酬的日益悬殊。由于这种效应,他们的直接报酬已经是平均雇佣者的一百倍(霍尔和李普曼,1988)。首席执行官和管理者薪资的增长水平的决定性因素是年终分红,尤其是股权认证奖金(康勇和墨菲,2000)。股票期权计划最近已经受到学者和公众批评,因为他们太慷慨,典型的一个公司价值管理的提取症状(贝舒克等, 2002;贝舒克和弗莱德,2006)。

根据最近这些事件和采用股权激励计划增长倾向,这篇文章主要在于理解除美国和英国之外,股票期权和股票授予计划宣传背后的原因。选择在意大利调查这种现象依靠以下观点。首先,以前的大部分研究分析管理层薪资和股权激励计划在美国和英国的发展。其次,所有权结构和管理措施在欧洲大陆国家与盎格鲁撒克逊国家有本质区别。最后,欧洲大陆国家,尤其是意大利,几乎都忽视这些结构的使用,直到九十年代末。

我们的目标是对比这三个相互矛盾观点在股权激励计划扩散上的解释力:1)最佳承包观点,阐述了薪资报酬的目的是把管理者和股东之间的代理成本最小化(詹森和墨菲,1990);2)阐述了强大的内部人员可能为他们自己的利益而影响报酬过程(贝舒克等, 2002);3)认知成本观点(霍尔和墨菲,2003),阐述了公司可能会为了他们的(假定或实际)成本优势而赞成一些报酬机制。

为什么意大利上市公司在九十年代末采用股权激励计划,为了这个目的,我们进行了实证研究寻找原因。为获得这个现象的深层理解,我们收集了最近十年在国家体制环境演变下的数据信息和在1999年和2005年意大利上市公司采用股权激励计划的扩散和特点(即,技术方面和目标)。我们使用逻辑模型和不同方式的统计技术分析数据。我们的结果显示:1)公司规模,而不是所有权结构,是采用这些模式的一个决定性因素;2) 这些计划没有被广泛应用,提取公司价值,尽管一些案例显示了这个可能性;3) 计划的特点与税收法定义的一致,接受特殊财政处理。

我们的调查结果有助于发展股权激励计划传播和新兴管理措施传播的原理。实际上,结果显示股权奖励计划已经被首先采用,以把握大量税收利益,在一些情况下它们可能已经被用来控制股东以牺牲小股东为代价来提取公司价值。换句话说,我们的调查结果显示了意大利上市公司采用股权激励计划以实行一个微妙的分离模式。一方面,他们宣布这些计划主要在于定位股东和管理者的利益和激励价值的创造。另一方面,由于缺乏透明度和关于这些结构的前期知识,公司采用这些机制,利用税收利益,有时也分配一大部分价值给一些强有力的个体。这些结果支持一个公司管理的象征性认知,根据这项认知,股权激励计划的简介,请股东为了他们隐含的利益和激励定位,评定价值创造,这并不意味管理措施的实质改善。

4.股权激励计划采用的原理阐述

在美国股权激励计划是管理层薪资报酬的一个主要部分。股权激励计划的使用主要基于下面的争论:他们激励管理者通过提供报酬和公司股价之间的直接链接在股东利益中扮演角色(詹森和墨菲,1990)。在这之上,股权激励计划也有其他的积极特征,为他们有助于吸引和留住高积极性的员工,鼓励受益者冒险,减少管理者薪资报酬的直接现金开支(霍尔和墨菲,2003)。

尽管股权激励计划有所有这些积极特征,股权激励计划的使用在美国争论越来越大。尤其是,评论者对他们在保证管理者和股东利益对准的假定效率提出疑问。他们指出,这些因素可能被用来满足其他的目标,例如在股东开支上提取价值(例如,贝舒克和佛莱德,2006),甚至达到实际或认知的报酬费用的削减(例如,墨菲,2002)。总之,实际争论说明三个不同的原理可以解释股权激励计划的传播和特有特征:1)最优合约观点(詹森和墨菲,1990);2)抽租观点(贝舒克等,2002);3)认知成本观点(霍尔和墨菲,2003)。

根据最优合约观点,管理者薪资报酬方案目的在于最小化高层管理者(代理人)和股东(负责人)之间的代理成本(詹森和墨菲,1976)。董事会是有效的管理机制,目的在于最大化股东价值,高层管理者报酬机制目的在于服务于这个目标(法玛和詹森,1983)。通过调整管理者和股东的利益,提供管理者股权激励计划会减轻管理私利(詹森和麦考林,1976)。随之的调整原理,股权激励会提高公司绩效,因为管理者应该为他们自己和股东的利益工作(詹森和墨菲, 1990)。 简言之,这些措施的目的都在于调整管理者和股东的利益,激励管理者追求股份价值创造(詹森和墨菲,1990)。

4.1股权激励的原理

经理人和股东实际上是一个委托代理的关系,股东委托经理人经营管理资产。但事实上,在委托代理关系中,由于信息不对称,股东和经理人之间的契约并不完全,需要依赖经理人的“道德自律”。股东和经理人追求的目标是不一致的,股东希望其持有的股权价值最大化,经理人则希望自身效用最大化,因此股东和经理人之间存在“道德风险”,需要通过激励和约束机制来引导和限制经理人行为。

  在不同的激励方式中,工资主要根据经理人的资历条件和公司情况、目标业绩预先确定,在一定时期内相对稳定,与公司的目标业绩的关系非常密切。奖金一般以超目标业绩的考核来确定经理人该部分的收入,因此与公司的短期业绩表现关系密切,但与公司的长期价值关系不明显,经理人有可能为了短期的财务指标而牺牲公司的长期利益。但是从股东投资角度来说,他更多关心的是公司长期价值的增加。尤其是对于成长型的公司来说,经理人的价值更多地体现在公司长期价值的增加,而不仅仅是短期财务指标的实现。

为了使经理人关心股东利益,需要使经理人和股东的利益追求尽可能趋于一致。对此,股权激励是一个较好的解决方案。通过使经理人在一定时期内持有股权,享受股权的增值收益,并在一定程度上以一定方式承担风险,可以使经理人在经营过程中更多地关心公司的长期价值。股权激励对防止经理的短期行为,引导其长期行为具有较好的激励和约束作用。

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