中国国有企业职业经理人激励制度研究外文翻译资料

 2022-08-14 15:53:23

International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 11; October 2014

Research on China State-Owned Enterprise Professional Managers, Incentive System

Guo Hongying

Shanghai University of Engineering Science

Faculty of Management

Shanghai, China

Abstract

Reasonable incentive mechanism can stimulate managers, efforts, reduce the cost of agent management, improve the company governance. To build the state-owned enterprises professional managers, incentive mechanism is an important dust of the current reform of Chinese state-owned enterprises. This article explains the reason of China state-owned enterprise professional manager, inefficient incentive system from the point of principal-agent and distribution system, proposed how to build the systematic incentive mechanism from the external incentive environment and internal diversification. The construction of incentive mechanism will make beneficial exploration for the reform of state-owned enterprises.

Keywords: State-owned enterprises; Incentive mechanism; Incentive environment; Professional manager

0. Introduction

State-owned enterprises are the pillar of Chinas national economy. The reform of state-owned enterprises is the core content and center link of the reform of economic system, and its direction is to build the construction of modern enterprise system. At present, China has made significant progress in the construction of modern enterprise system. But there are some deep-seated problems have not been completely solved, such as State-owned enterprises, inefficiency, professional managers, lacking of energy. Therefore building systematic incentive mechanism of state-owned enterprises professional manager has become the current urgent problem for the reform of state-owned enterprise.

1. Causes of China State-Owned Enterprises Professional Managers Incentive Mechanism Inefficiency

In the reform of China State-owned enterprises, establishing an effective incentive mechanism is always a difficult problem. From the corporate contract system, the director responsibility to the yearly salary, they are not quite successful in practical application. The reasons are:

(1) State-owned companies, special principal-agent problem has not been solved, the lack of effective external incentive environment.

The separation of ownership and the right of management is the basic characteristics of modern enterprise system, causing lots of principal-agent problems. Under the socialist-market-economic system, the relationship of state-owned enterprises principal-agent is infinite loop: the state-owned assets belong to the whole national people, the working class is a good representative of all people, as the initial principal, entrust the government to manage companies. Government as the principal operate managers in charge of companies, then managers arrange some workers for production. This sample, the worker as early principal and eventually 'agent' form into a closed loop, causing the deficiency of state-owned enterprise possessor, ambiguous property rights of state-owned enterprises, unclear of power and responsibility, incentive inefficient. Mainly displays in:

①The deficiency of state-owned enterprise possessor, only makes the ownership of state-owned enterprises ambiguous, state-owned property rights virtual. Overall, governments at all levels and the competent departments are the ownership representative, but if analyzing from specific situation, they are all not the main body of ownership, who also refuse to bear the economic responsibility. State-owned property right has not been effectively exercised. No one is really care of the interests of the state-owned property rights. The restrictions of ownership are so soft that managers, responsibility is missing. The operator forms no intrinsic motivation of incentive.

②The deficiency of state-owned enterprise possessor,government at all levels and competent departments inevitably become the principal of state-owned enterprises, which give the enterprises external constraint, often leads to direct administrative intervention to the enterprise. Managers are appointed by the government, not produced in the market competition; As a result, their quality are poor. They care about personal promotion, always being ready to mobility, and lacking the motivation for state-owned assetsrsquo;s long-term operation .It is not conducive to the implementation of the incentive mechanism.

(2)From the point of internal state-owned enterprise , since Chinas distribution system is relatively rigid, the contradiction between managers ,short-term interest and cooperation, s long-term interest is not solved. Mainly displays in:

①The salary of the state-owned enterprise managers is generally low , for complex brain power managers who undertake risk lacking incentive strength, certainly will cause the following results: first, managers are longing for 'Gray income' and 'preference', which can erode enterprises, interests; second, it may lead to managers engaged in the management of low risk, but does not pay attention to technology updates and looking for new profit growth point, affecting the enterprises, long development; last, the lack of effective state-owned enterprise human capital value, hurt the managers business heart and sense of responsibility for a long time, causing people to flow.

②Most of the incentives have short period tendency, long-term incentive effect is poor. At present, the basic incentives are with heavier 'immediacy' and 'one-time' features. Although yearly salary determines the income on the basis of the present or previous performance, compared with the distribution system of salary plus bonus, it is improving, but by contrast to long-term

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中国国有企业职业经理人激励制度研究

摘要

合理的激励机制可以激励管理者努力,降低代理管理成本,改善公司治理。构建国有企业职业经理人激励机制是当前中国国有企业改革的重要尘埃。本文从委托代理和分配制度的角度阐述了我国国有企业职业经理人激励机制低效的原因,并从外部激励环境和内部多元化两个方面提出了如何构建系统的激励机制。激励机制的构建将为国有企业改革做出有益的探索。

关键词:国有企业;激励机制;激励环境;职业经理

0.介绍

国有企业是中国国民经济的支柱。国有企业改革是经济体制改革的核心内容和中心环节,其方向是建设现代企业制度。目前,中国在现代企业制度建设方面取得了重大进展。但也存在一些深层次的问题没有得到彻底解决,如国有企业效率低下、职业经理人缺乏活力等。因此,建立国有企业职业经理人的系统激励机制已成为当前国有企业改革的当务之急。

1.中国国有企业职业经理人激励机制低效的原因

在中国国有企业改革中,建立有效的激励机制一直是一个难题。从公司承包制度、董事责任到年薪,它们在实际应用中并不十分成功。原因如下:

(1)国有企业特殊的委托代理问题没有得到解决,缺乏有效的外部激励环境。

所有权和经营权的分离是现代企业制度的基本特征,由此引发了许多委托代理问题。在社会主义市场经济体制下,国有企业委托代理关系是无限循环的:国有资产属于全民,工人阶级是全民的好代表,作为初始委托人,委托政府管理公司。政府作为主要经营管理者负责公司,然后管理者安排一些工人进行生产。这种样本中,职工作为早期的委托人和最终的“代理人”形成闭环,造成国有企业所有者缺位,国有企业产权模糊,权责不清,激励低效。主要表现在:

①国有企业所有者的不足,只会使国有企业所有权模糊,国有产权虚置。总的来说,各级政府和主管部门都是所有权的代表,但从具体情况来分析,它们都不是所有权的主体,谁也不承担经济责任。国有产权没有得到有效行使,没有人真正关心国有产权的利益。所有权的限制是如此之软,以至于管理者的责任缺失了,经营者没有形成内在的激励动机。

②国有企业所有者、各级政府和主管部门的缺失不可避免地成为国有企业的主体,这给企业带来了外部约束,往往导致对企业的直接行政干预。管理者是由政府任命的,不是在市场竞争中产生的;最终,他们的质量很差。他们关心个人晋升,总是准备流动,缺乏国有资产长期运营的动力。这不利于激励机制的实施。

(2)从国有企业内部来看,由于我国的分配制度比较僵化,管理者的短期利益与合作者的长期利益之间的矛盾没有得到解决。主要表现在:

①国有企业管理者的薪酬普遍较低,对于承担风险的复杂脑力型管理者来说,缺乏激励力量,必然会导致以下结果:一是管理者渴望“灰色收入”和“偏好”,这可能会侵蚀企业的利益;第二,它可能导致管理者从事低风险的管理,但不注意技术更新和寻找新的利润增长点,影响企业长远发展;最后,国有企业缺乏有效的人力资本价值,长期以来伤害了管理者的商业心和责任感,造成人员流动。

②大部分激励具有短期趋势,长期激励效果较差。目前,基本激励具有较重的“即时性”和“一次性”特征。虽然年薪决定收入的基础是现在或以前的表现,与工资加奖金的分配制度相比,它是在改善,但与长期管理行为相比,它是短期的。

③缺乏社会保障和制度化的考虑。国有企业经营者有一定的固定工作年限,退休后,原有的激励被中断,容易造成奖励和贡献脱节。因此,管理者一方面为当前利益工作,另一方面也寻求退休保障,做出对所有者不利的短期行为。因此,要达到有效国有企业改革和建立有效的激励机制,首先必须科学重组国有企业产权关系,解决委托代理问题,为建立有效的激励机制创造外部环境。

2.国有企业激励机制的环境建设

产权关系重组对于发展和建立国有企业法人治理结构来说,应着力于制度创新的突破。

(1)科学重构产权关系,明确责任。

产权的关系是决定公司如何能够独立经营和独立管理;创新国有产权科学重组制度是建立激励机制的关键。一是华的国有产权改革,实现了所有权与经营权的分离,调整了政府与国有企业之间的行政隶属关系,释放了国有企业自主权,提高了国有企业的竞争力和活力。建立统一的国家所有制代表组织,实行国有股份管理制度,行使国家所有权。原属于政府部门的国有企业管理责任由代理机构统一划分,缩短委托代理链规模,降低代理成本。同时,由于私有产权的高效率特征,应尽量使国有产权成为一种代“人格化”的、清算的权利。国有企业所有权和经营权的关系区分开来,可以有效地监督经营者,提高激励机制的效果。

(2)纳入国有产权改革的轨道。

从国家作为国有资本所有者的角度来看,企业经营者通过占有国有资本和社会资本的数量来支付国家国有资本使用的平均比率和国有资本的使用权;并且从国有资产的价值来看,国有资产投资国家进行经营,然后收取国有资本定期占用的利息。

从对企业的激励来看,由于国有资本收益和中国拥有资本的平均利润率以及社会资本的不均衡分布,与企业状况有着直接的关系,所以企业可以摆脱政府对企业的过度干预,真的可以为自己所用。这种真正独立的管理决策赋予企业的权力是最重要的激励因素,同样,因为企业的固定收益率是由企业的运营规律决定的,只有做得好,才能获得高额利润,这是对企业利益的有力激励。

(3)建立职业经理人市场,增强国有企业经营者的进入动机。

作为国有企业改革的一个长远目标,必须建立适应现代企业发展的职业经理人市场,引入竞争机制,使经营者在国有企业经营者发生“线色”变化之前,提高国有企业经营者的粮食质量。激发操作员的主动性和创造性。内在动机的形成。

3.构建多元化的国有企业内部激励机制

多元化的激励机制是指,根据企业经营者的需求,从每一层采用多种手段、多种形式、多种因素激励。管理者不仅是一个经济人,而且是一个社会人,不仅有物质需求,也有非物质方面的需求,所以多元激励建议机制主要包括以下内容:

3.1物质激励

通过激励手段,满足人们对生活质量的需求,并以从中激发管理者人为的热情为目的。应坚持短期和长期与保障机制相结合的原则。

(1)推广晚年薪酬激励。经理人的工资可以分为两部分,一部分是固定的总裁平均收入,足有经理人的基本物质需求。一部分是与经理绩效效应相关的收入风险。这部分可分为当期收入,如当期奖金、本年同企业或年度业绩;递延收益,经营者期满或离任后,根据国有企业的综合经营业绩和企业价值

支付风险溢价的资产。在分割上,总裁平均收益和风险收益应坚持先小后大的原则。延迟放行或使操作者在短期内,同时把生产和操作的重点放在长期发展上。

(2)股票期权激励。股票期权是企业赋予经营者的一种权利。持有这种权力的经营者可以在规定的时间内以股票期权的行权价格购买该公司的股票,称为行权。经营者可以在规定的时间内(一般为总统任期)决定何时出售通过行权获得的股票。个人利益的价格和行使,市场价格的差异。理顺股票期权制度,所有者和经营者公司之间的关系使两个人形成共同的利益取向。由于企业管理者的薪酬是一种期权,是不确定的预期收益而不是股票,一方面是为了避免国有资产的恶意流失,而当经营者处于现金行权期时,国有资本会增加;另一方面,因为期权强调在未来运行时,相当数量的报酬以期权的形式反映出来,使经营者关注长期价值创造的未来,有利于企业的长期发展。

(3)有效的福利计划。要建立高养老金制度,要在企业管理中有高水平的养老和医疗社会保障,但为了保障企业人员退休后仍能维持较高水平的生活,可以在固特异后淘汰经营者,使其投身于企业经营管理。因此,建立一个稳定的退休保障制度将有一个经营者激励。

3.2非物质激励

非物质激励的作用并不完全被物质激励所取代,它能产生非凡的效率,完整的非物质激励机制包括承认国有企业中的营级社会地位,认可他们的价值并给予高度评价,充分履行他们的荣誉感;给管理者控制企业的权限,给他们权力激励因素;创造良好的工作条件和环境,让他有机会展示实现自我价值的能力。建立符合我国国情的国有企业激励机制是一项系统工作,必须伴随着约束机制的建立,并与改革的承受力相关联,如政府职能和意志计划的转变、税收和法制的完善等。然而,在某种程度上,它具有重大的现实意义将决定着未来的国有企业。

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