The Market Valuation of Cash Dividends: The Case of the CRA Bonus Issue
- CHU AND G. PARTINGTON
Finance Discipline, Economics and Business, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
ABSTRACT
In 1996, Australiarsquo;s CRA and UKrsquo;s RTZ merged to form the worldrsquo;s largest mining company, but the companies remained separately listed on their domestic exchanges. In order to equalize the price of the two companiesrsquo; shares, before the dual listing, CRA made a bonus issue. Shares in the bonus issue were not entitled to the next CRA dividend, which carried imputation tax credits. The contemporaneous price differences between the old shares and the bonus shares are used to measure the market value of dividends and associated tax credits. Consistent with imputation tax credits adding value to the dividend, 1 dollar face value of dividends was observed to have a market value significantly greater that its face value. The market value of the dividend varied depending on the proximity of observations to the ex- dividend date. Close to the ex-dividend date, the premium of market value over face value was smaller. The results are consistent with dividend values set by short-term traders about the ex-dividend date and by long-term investors at other times.
INTRODUCTION
For over 40 years, researchers have sought to establish the relationship between the face value of dividends and the dividendrsquo;s market value, and this remains a controversial issue. A key barrier to resolving the controversy is the lack of experiments that provide a clean measure of the market value of a dividend.
One experimental design for obtaining a measurement of dividend value is to observe contemporaneous trading in two classes of securities that are identical in all aspects, except for their dividend entitlement. The contemporaneous differences in prices of the two securities should provide a clean measure of the market value of the dividends. One study of this type was undertaken by Chu and Partington (2001), who studied the price difference between old shares and newly issued shares that were not entitled to the next dividend. They found that, under Australiarsquo;s imputation tax system, a dollar face value of fully franked dividends had a market value of about $1.50, which suggests that the tax credits (franking credits) provided by dividend imputation have substantial value.
In this paper, therefore, we set out to provide further evidence on the value of dividends and franking credits by examining a different type of seasoned equity issues, that is bonus share issues, where the newly issued bonus shares are identical to the existing shares in all aspects, except for dividend entitlement. Such bonus issues are labeled non-parri-passu (NPP) bonus issues. The study of NPP bonus issues is a natural extension of Chu and Partingtonrsquo;s (2001) study of NPP rights issues, and therefore provides an opportunity to examine the generalizability of their results.
Unfortunately, only one NPP bonus issue suitable to analysis was found: the CRA bonus issue. However, the CRA case is interesting for several reasons. First, the bonus issue has an interesting source, springing from the creation of the then largest mining company in the world, through a dual listing merger. Second, it has been suggested that overseas investors are the price-setting investors in the Australian market and that they will place little or no value on the imputation credits because they cannot use them (see, e.g., Cannavan et al. 2004). It is also suggested that overseas investors tend to have larger holdings in the extractive industries and that consequently franking credits will have little or no value in such industries (see, e.g., Wood 1991). CRA was one of Australiarsquo;s largest mining companies, thus if the preceding conditions hold, the CRA NPP bonus issue should provide little or no evidence that franking credits have value. Third, as explained later, CRArsquo;s NPP bonus share issue has a number of attractive features in relation to measuring the market value of dividends.
The contemporaneous price differences between the bonus shares and the existing shares of CRA, which were observed repeatedly over a 10-week period, provide a low noise measure of the market value of the dividend. The results show that the market value of the dividend is significantly greater than its face value. The observed market value of the dividend is consistent with franking credits having a substantial value, but a lesser value than suggested by Chu and Partington (2001). The market value of the dividend is also found to depend on when the value is measured. Close to the ex-dividend, date the value is lower, and is consistent with a value being set in short-term trading of dividends.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: in Section II, we review some of the literature on the traditional ex-dividend approach to estimating the market value of dividends and explain the Australian imputation tax system. Some of the problems with the ex-dividend method are highlighted, and some recent alternatives to traditional ex-dividend studies are considered. Section III describes the procedure used to search for NPP bonus issues and discusses the features of bonus issue trading. Details of the CRA issue are also discussed. In Section IV, the nature of the data set and the research method are explained. Section V contains the results:first the descriptive statistics, followed by hypothesis tests. Section VI interprets the results and provides the conclusions.
PREVIOUS STUDIES
- Alternatives to traditional ex-dividend studies
A substantial part of the noise associated with the ex-dividend drop-off ratio arises from the non-contemporaneous observation of cum-dividend and ex- dividend prices. In response to this problem, new experiments have been developed where there is contemporaneous trading in two c
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现金股利的市场评估-以CRA红利发行为例
- CHU AND G. PARTINGTON
摘 要
1996年,澳大利亚的CRA和英国的RTZ合并成立了世界上最大的矿业公司,但这两家公司仍然分别在各自的国内交易所上市。为了使两家公司的股票价格持平,在两家公司上市前,CRA发行了一批红利。此次发行的股票不能获得下一次CRA的股利,该股利享有税收抵免。旧股与红股的同时期差价用于衡量股息的市场价值和相关税收抵免。与税收抵免增加股利价值相一致,1美元股利票面价值显著高于其面值。据观察结果显示,股利的市场价值因与除息日的接近程度不同而变化。接近除息日期时,市价较面值的溢价较小.这一结果与短期交易者在除息日和长期投资者在其他时间设定的股利值一致。
关键词: 现金股利,市场价值,CRA
第一章 引言
40多年来,研究人员一直致力于建立股利面值与股利市场价值之间的关系,这一直是一个有争议的问题。解决这一争议的一个关键障碍是缺乏能够清晰衡量股利市场价值的实验。
衡量股利价值的一个实验设计是观察两类证券的同时期交易,这些证券在所有方面都是相同的,但它们的分红权除外。这两种证券当时的价格差异应该为股利的市场价值提供一个清晰的衡量标准。这类股票的一项研究是由Chu和Partington(2001)进行的,他们研究了旧股和新发行的股票之间的差价,这些股票不能获得下一次分配股利。他们发现,在澳大利亚的归集税制下,一美元面值的股利市场价值约为1.50美元,这表明免税红利提供的红利抵免具有很大的价值。
因此,本文研究了一种不同类型的发行股票,即新发行红利股票,这种股票在所有方面都与现有的股票相同,但分红权除外,从而进一步证明了股利和免税红利的价值。这样的红利发行被称为NPP。对NPP红利发行的研究是Chu和Partington关于NPP权益问题研究的自然延伸,为检验其结果的普遍性提供了一个契机。
不幸的是,只发现了一个适合分析的NPP红利发行:CRA红利发行。然而,CRA有好几个原因令人感兴趣。首先,红利发行有一个有趣的来源,它起源于当时世界上最大的矿业公司的创立,是通过双重上市合并产生的。第二,有人认为,海外投资者是澳大利亚市场上的定价投资者,他们将很少或根本不重视可抵税,因为他们无法使用这些红利(Cannavan等人,2004)。还有人指出,海外投资者往往持有更多的采掘业股份,因此,在这些行业中,免税红利几乎没有价值(Wood,1991)。CRA是澳大利亚最大的矿业公司之一,因此,如果上述条件成立,CRA NPP红利发行能提供很少或根本没有证据表明免税红利有价值。第三,正如后面所解释的,CRA的NPP红利发行在衡量股利的市场价值方面有许多吸引人的特点。
此外,在10周期间重复观测的CRA红利股和现有股之间的同期价格差异,为股息的市场价值提供了较低干扰的衡量标准。结果表明,股利的市场价值显著高于其面值。所观察到的股利市场价值与红利抵免有很大相关性,但低于Chu和Partington所表明的价值。股利的市场价值也取决于衡量价值的时间。接近除息日,价值较低,并且与短期股利交易中设定的价值相一致。
本文其余部分安排如下:在第二节中,我们回顾了一些关于传统股利法估计股利市场价值的文献,并解释了澳大利亚的归集税制。本文着重介绍了前股利法存在的一些问题,并对传统股利研究的一些替代方案进行了探讨。第三节介绍了寻找NPP红利发行的程序,并讨论了红利发行交易的特点,还讨论了CRA发行的细节。第四节阐述了数据集的性质和研究方法。第五节解释了研究结果并提供了结论。
第二章 对以前股利的研究
2.1传统股利研究的替代方案
与除息减幅比率相关的干扰很大一部分来自于对带息股利和除息股利价格的非同期观察。针对这一问题,我们开发了新的实验,在这种情况下,有两类证券的同时交易,它们的分红权不同。在这些实验中,这两种证券的同期价格差异为股利的市场价值提供了一个衡量标准。
前面的三个实验是建立在不涉及往返交易成本的无套利均衡的基础上的。因此,它们所提供的股利价值受到交易额的影响。Chu和Partington提供了另一个实验设计,并认为其结果是基于长期投资者的均衡投资基础上的,这些投资者基本上不受交易费用的影响。他们研究了一组NPP红利发行,其中新发行的股票和现有股票在所有方面都是相同的,但在分红上立即获得股利的权利除外。在这种情况下,股利的市场价值估计为每美元1.50美元。虽然这一估计是基于数以千计的交易,但交易只从24个红利发行案例中提取出来。因此,这项研究的结果是否普遍可行是一个值得商榷的问题,这正是是我们在目前的研究中阐述的问题。
预期股利为35美分,对于随机扰动引起的误差,预期股利的市盈率相对较高,这将对股利的市场价值产生强烈的信号。实验的另一个优势来自于对价格的同时观察。信息发布对价格水平的影响应在老股与分红股之间的价差中消除。只有与当前股利价值相关的信息才能影响观察到的价格差异。
与本研究密切相似的其他工作,也调查了投资者对现金股利或资本收益的偏好,除了股利的形式外,使用的股票是相同的。这项工作的基础是发行两种股票的公司:一种是支付股票红利,另一种是支付现金红利。Long(1978)在研究“公民公用事业”的案例时得出结论,如果说有什么区别的话,那就是支付现金股利的股票具有轻微的溢价,但Poterba(1986)在研究同一家公司时,对这一结论提出了异议,并指出除息日前的日价格变动表明股票红利具有更高的价值。Bailey(1988)研究了九对双股利类股票的交易.他发现,支付现金股利的股票比支付股票股利的股票价格高。然而,现金股利的面值高于股利支付日的股票股利乘以股价,这一差异似乎解释了现金股溢价的原因。
与Long(1978)、Poterba(1986)和Bailey(1988)的工作不同,本文研究的价值差异仅由现金红利驱动。另一个不同之处在于,在这项研究中,交易的时间与分钟相匹配,而不是一天。虽然本文主要关注的是现金股利的市场价值,但如果该价值大于1美元,则意味着一美元股利的价值大于一美元的资本收益。
第三章 NPP红利发行和CRA发行的鉴定
3.1 NPP红利发行调查
澳大利亚的红利发行免费向现有股东提供额外股份。每位股东有权获得的红利股份数量与其现有股份的比例成正比。例如,10份红利发行的1份可让现有股东每持有10股获得一份红利。在公布红利发行后,有三个对我们的研究很重要的日期:红利前日期、结账日期和分配日期。
对于余下的26股发行,公告的条款表明,红利股在紧接着的股利支付上不会与现有股票处于同等地位。然而,对于其中的24股,所有与红利相关的日期与下一次股利支付的日期一致。也就是说,无红利日与除息日重合,确定红利权的结账日期与确定股利权的结账日期相吻合,而红利股的分配日期与股利支付日期相吻合。在这些情况下,不包括递延结算交易,不存在与股利权益有差异的股份交易。分红股代码的存在仅表示在无红利日和分配日期间内的奖励份额中的递延结算交易。代码更改信息标志着延迟结算交易的停止。
剩下的两个问题是所需的NPP红利发放。然而,其中一个问题涉及一家公司支付的非免税股利,股利数额很小。小数额意味着低干扰,非免税股利不适用于只考虑免税股利的Chu和Partington的推论。只剩下一个NPP红利发行可以进行实证分析,就是CRA红利发行。
3.2 CRA NPP红利发行案例
作为CRA有限公司拟议合并的一部分,CRA公司于1995年10月9日宣布发放红利。CRA和RTZ公司组成双重上市公司(DLC)。CRA的股东将保留他们在CRA的股份,CRA将继续是一家在ASX上市的澳大利亚公司。同样,RTZ股东将保留他们在RTZ的股份,RTZ将继续是一家在伦敦证券交易所(LSE)上市的英国公司。然而,DLC将有一个共同的董事会和一个统一的管理层。其目的是,一旦DLC成立,每个CRA和RTZ股份的股利和资本权利将是平等的。这就要求在合并生效之前,CRA和RTZ的股价保持相等。
第四章 数据和方法
我们从SIRCA数据库获得了NPP交易期间现有股票和红利份额的所有交易记录。所有这些交易都加上了时间标记,精确到秒。我们能够在现有股票和红利股票中形成匹配的交易对如下:首先识别了红利份额中的所有交易,然后形成一对匹配的交易,其中旧股票的交易发生在红利股票交易的一分钟之内:当旧股票中有多个匹配的交易发生在1分钟的窗口内,我们选择了交易量最高的交易。一旦旧股票中的某一特定交易被用来形成一对匹配的交易,这种交易就不会再用于任何后续的匹配。这为我们提供了336对配对交易。我们还将观察范围限定于正常交易,将以下交易排除在外:(1)在ASX正常交易时间之外(10:00-16:00),(2)在一个交易日开盘时,(3)根据ASX交叉点执行或特殊安排下的交易,(4)备选方案报告,(5)卖空。我们发现在红利股中没有出现卖空现象,在旧股中只有两种卖空现象。我们进一步限制我们的样本只包括那些匹配的交易,在旧股和红利股的最低成交量为100股有价证券。由此得出的样本包含154对配对交易。
第五章 结论
一个案例不能用来进行全面的概括,但它确实提供了一些证据来衡量资产。此外,对同时期股票交易的观察,除了股利分配,还提供了比传统上更为清晰的股利价值证据。
我们的结果明显表明,在CRA案例中,1美元的免税股利价值远远超过1美元本身,这反过来意味着免税股利有价值。在这种情况下,至少在这种情况下,外国投资者不按照归集抵免制定价格的联合主张,这种影响在采掘业中特别强烈,没有得到这一特定采矿公司的支持。
平均DVR显著低于Chu和Partington提出的1.50。因此,它们的结果不能被概括为当前的情况。在这项研究中观察到的更低价值的解释或许是,大量海外股东确实压低了股利加红利抵免的组合市场价值,但并不至于让红利抵免变得毫无价值的地步。
股利为0.35美元,所观察到的绝大多数价格差异都大于这一数字。价格差异为0.50美元和0.40美元,相当于1.43和1.14的DVR,在数据中尤为普遍,几乎占样本的四分之一。总体而言,平均和中位数DVR均为1.29,这些值在控制了拍卖投标的影响后没有变化。然而,在股利宣布日期之后,DVR的幅度明显下降,从平均1.34下降到平均1.12。后一个数字接近Twite和Wood(1997)的DVR估计数1.13和Cannavan等人(2004)的1.10,与Walker和Partington(1999)的1.15不相上下。Walker和Partington认为,他们观察到的DVR是由短期交易员设定的.我们的结果还表明,股利价值是由接近除息日的短期交易者设定的,但在股利宣布日前观察到的较高的DVR值与长期投资者设置的股利更为一致。
本文的主要结论首先是股利的市场价值超过了其面值。在股利估值中,税收似乎确实很重要,而归集抵免则增加了股票价值。其次,所观察到的股利市场价值根据其相对于股利申报和除息日衡量的地点而有所不同。在不同时间,不同的投资群体似乎可以控制股利价值的设置。
REFERENCES
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[2]Bali, R., and G. Hite (1998), lsquo;Ex-dividend Day Stock Price Behaviour: Discreteness or Tax-induced Clienteles?rsquo;, Journal of Financial Economics, 47, 161–88.
[3]Bellamy, D. E. (1994), lsquo;Evidence of Imputation Clienteles in the Australian Equity Marketrsquo;, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 11, 275–87.
[4]Bhardwaj, R., and L. Brooks (1999), lsquo;Further Evidence on Dividend Yields and the Ex-dividend Day Stock Price Effectrsquo;, Journal of Financial Research, 22, 503–14.
[5]Boyd, J., and R. Jagannathan (1994), lsquo;Ex-dividend Price Behavior of Common Stocksrsquo;,The Review of Financial Studies, 7, 711–4.
[6]Brown, P., and A. Clarke (1993), lsquo;The Ex-dividend Day Behaviour of Australian Share Prices before and after Dividend Imputationrsquo;, Australian Journal of Management, 18, 1–40.
[7]Bruckner, K., N. Dews, and D. White (1994), C
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