饮用水消毒和杀菌技术的研究外文翻译资料

 2022-07-30 21:34:03

Study on Disinfection and Anti microbial Technologies for Drinking Water

ZHU Kun, FU Xiao Yong

(Dept. of Environmental Engineering, LAN Zhou Railway University, LAN Zhou 730070, China)

Abstract: Disinfection by-products produced by the reaction between chlorine and dissolved organic compounds and other chemicals are considered as a worrying problem in the drinking water treatment process since a series of mutagenic carcinogen substances are formed including trihalomethanes (THMs). Among the tested disinfectants(chlorine , ozone , chlorine dioxide , potassium permanganate , chloramines and hydrogen peroxide etc. ) , chlorine dioxide has proved to be the most feasible and effective oxidant for drinking water treatment and removal of pathogens due to its oxidation efficiency , low cost and simple way of utilization. A series of experiments indicate that chlorine dioxide can significantly restrain production of trihalomethanes (THMs) and control bacteria growth particularly for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The experiments verified that both ozone and chlorine dioxide are absolutely vital to ensure that any microorganisms arising from fecal contamination of water storage are destroyed. The paper discusses oxidation capacity of chlorine dioxide, especially for removing petroleum compounds, which is affected by reaction time, gas injection way, and pH of treated water.

Key words: disinfection; oxidants; water treatment; pathogens; chlorine dioxide

CLC number: X523 Document code: A

1  Introduction

Chemical and filtration processes are two main methods used in China for treating drinking water meanwhile UV radiation has been used successfully for water treatment with relatively low flow rate. On the individual family level, usually chemical treatment is a feasible alternative. The following guidelines exist for the selection of suitable disinfectants: the reaction must be strong enough to extinct bacteria and control growth of micro - organisms, removal of contaminants should be done by decomposition, evaporation or precipitation etc, to eliminate or decrease the toxicity, oxidants or reaction by-products should not be harmful to human health, and the purification processes should be practical and economical. The objective of this paper is to evaluate and discuss available disinfectants for drinking water treatment. The different disinfectants are compared regarding purification efficiencies and application approaches.

2  Comparison of Disinfectants

Disinfectants, such as chlorine, chloramines, sodium hypochlorous, chlorine dioxide and ozone etc., were primarily considered in drinking water treatment. The oxidation capacities of these agents may be ranked as follows in order of decreased efficiency [1]:

O3 gt; ClO2 gt; HOCl gt; OCl - gt; NHCl2 gt; NH2Cl

Referring to Fiessinger′s [2] suggestion, the properties of these disinfectants are compared in Tab. 1. Chlorine is shown to be an excellent disinfectant to prevent waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever over long periods. Chlorine reacts not only within oxidation, but also by electrophilic substitution to produce a variety of chlorinated organic by - products, particularly trihalomethanes (THMs) and other mutagens. Here THMs mainly refer to chloroform, bromoform, dibromochloromathane and bromodichloromathane etc. Since the 1970`s, the usage of Cl2 in drinking water disinfection has been questioned with ozone being substituted as the preferred disinfectant in the water supply plants. But , ozone could not be introduced to the rural farmer community due to its high costs and short half - life (15~20 min. ) . As with other disinfectants, ozonation also leads to formation of organic by - product s such as aldehyde, ketones, and carboxylic acids, and also mutagenicity may be induced if bromic anion exists.

Tab. 1 Comparison of various oxidants

Comparison Cl2 ClO2 O3 KMnO4 NH2Cl H2O2

THM formation - - - - -

Disinfection effects - -

Enhanced biodegradability

-

Taste removal - -

Iron and manganese -

Ammonia - - - - -

Formation of mutagens or toxic substances

- - - - -

  - no effect ;   little effect ;   effect ;   largest effect

Many studies have pointed out that disinfection is absolutely vital to ensure that any microorganisms arising from fecal contamination of water storage are destroyed. The selection of the available disinfectant s must concern to reduce risk from microbial contamination of drinking water and the potential increase in risk from chemical contamination that result from using any of the disinfectant s. The biocidal efficiency of commonly used disinfectants - ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine and chloramines are ranked almost with the same order as the oxidizing capacity, but the stability of those are following the order as [3]:

Chloramines gt; Chlorine dioxide gt; Chlorine gt; Ozone

3  Purification of organic pollutants by chlorine dioxide

According to WHO guideline for drinking water quality, much consideration should be paid to benzene homologous compounds; therefore, the study on purification effect s of chlorine dioxide is focused on petrochemical pollutants. A series of experiment s were carried out to simulate the oxidation processes of contaminated water. The p

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饮用水消毒和杀菌技术的研究

朱琨 伏小勇

(兰州铁道学院环境工程系,甘肃兰州,730070 中国)

摘要

在饮用水处理过程中,通过氯与溶解性有机物和其他化合物的反应所产生的消毒副产物被看作一个令人担忧的问题,因为一系列诱变致癌的物质组成包括总卤甲烷。在被检测的消毒剂中(氯、臭氧、二氧化氯、高锰酸钾、氯胺、过氧化氢等),由于二氧化氯的高氧化效率,低成本以及简单的使用方法,曾经证明对于饮用水的处理和致病菌的去处,它是最可行有效的氧化剂。一系列实验表明二氧化氯能有效地抑制总卤甲烷的产生,控制细菌生长特别是隐孢子虫属的卵囊虫。实验证明臭氧和二氧化氯完全有能力保证由蓄水中的粪便污染物引起的微生物被去除。这篇文章讨论的是二氧化氯的氧化能力,特别是对于石油类有机物的去除,受反应时间,气体注入方式以及处理水的PH值的影响。

关键词:消毒;氧化剂;水处理;病原菌;二氧化氯

中图分类号:X523 文献标识码:A

1.绪论

在中国化学及过滤过程是用于处理饮用水的两种主要方法,与此同时紫外线照射已经被成功的应用于相对流速较低的水处理。对于个别家庭水平,通常化学处理是一种可供选择的可行方法。下属的准则存在于合适消毒剂的选择:反应必须强烈,足够消灭细菌和控制微生物生长,污染物通过分解,蒸发,沉淀等被去除,为了排除或减少毒性,氧化剂或反应副产物不应该对人体健康有害,而净水过程要使用经济。这篇文章的目的是评价和讨论对于饮用水处理可供利用的消毒剂。不同消毒剂的对比主要是净水效率和使用范围。

2.消毒剂的比较

例如:氯、氯胺、次氯酸、二氧化氯和臭氧等消毒剂主要考虑饮用水的处理。这些药剂的氧化能力按效率降低排序如下:

O3 gt; ClO2 gt; HOCl gt; OCl - gt; NHCl2 gt; NH2Cl

根据菲辛格的建议,这些消毒剂的性质在表1中进行了比较。对于长时间防止诸如伤寒水传播疾病,氯气被证明是一个很好的消毒剂。氯反应不仅在氧化,而且还亲电取代,以产生多种有机氯化物产品,特别是三卤甲烷和其他致变因素。在此三卤甲烷主要涉及三氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、二溴氯甲烷和溴二氯甲烷等。从20世纪70年代起,在供水厂饮用水的消毒中,Cl2的使用随着被O3取代作为更受欢迎的消毒剂而受到质疑。但是由于臭氧的高成本和半衰期短(15—20分钟),它不能被引进到农村的农民群体中。向其他消毒剂一样,臭氧也会导致有机副产物的生成,如醛、酮和羧酸,假如存在致突变性的溴阴离子也可能被诱变。

许多研究证明消毒完全能够保证有蓄水中的粪便污染物产生的任何微生物被去除。合理消毒剂的选择必须涉及能减少来自饮用水微生物污染的风险和潜能在来自于由使用任何消毒剂而造成化学污染风险中的增加。对常用消毒剂—臭氧、二氧化氯、氯、氯胺的杀菌效率排名几乎为同一顺序的氧化能力,但这些稳定后排序如下:

氯胺 gt;二氧化氯 gt;氯gt;臭氧

表2.1 不同氧化剂的比较

比较 Cl2 ClO2 O3 KMnO4 NH2Cl H2O2

三溴甲烷的构造 - - - - -

消毒剂的效果 - -

增强生物可降解性 -

除味 - -

铁和锰 -

氨 - - - - -

诱变剂或毒性物质的构造

- - - - -

- 没有影响 ; 影响很小 ; 有影响 ; 影响最大

3.有机污染物通过二氧化氯的净化法

根据世界卫生组织关于饮用水质量的指标,更多要考虑的应该是关注苯的同种异体混合物,因此关于二氧化氯净化效率的研究被集中在石油化学污染物。一系列实验被执行去模拟受污染水的氧化过程。受污染溶液被制成一个有7种苯的同源性化合物 - 苯、甲苯、乙苯、对 - 苯基甲烷、邻 - 苯基甲烷、米 - 苯基甲烷和苯乙烯的黑色桶(10升容量)内。样本被用于确定该化合物的初始浓度比前测试。标准生产的二氧化氯溶液是由亚氯酸钠与盐酸溶液反应的10%。沈阳LZ–2000的FID检测器GR–16A气相色谱仪被用于Cl2, ClO2, ClOmacr;sup2; 和 ClOmacr;sup3;的检测。油浓度用美国卫生协会编程设计的紫外光-120-20分光光度计(日本岛津)确定。水样中的有机成分用气相色谱—质谱仪(QP—1000A)测定。对于饮用水化学消毒的目的,由于三卤甲烷和其他诱变物质的形成氯气被瞬间忽视。结果表明,高锰酸钾和过氧化氢没有足够的氧化分解能力对石油污染物分别只有实现46%,5.7%的苯乙烯分解。不可能被选为虽然臭氧是一个优秀的水处理氧化剂,但由于它的高费用、复杂的操作以及半衰期短而不可能被选中。二氧化氯是未来最成功的消毒剂替代品。它的好处包括:有效的氧化能力、溶藻效果和微不足道的卤化副产品的形成。根据经济和运行的要求,混合气体的方法要容易使用。上述结果表明,饮用水使用臭氧或二氧化氯消毒,似乎是对次氯酸钠控制非挥发性致突变物形成的一个合适的替代品。

在实验室实验中,氧化剂臭氧、二氧化氯、高锰酸钾和混合气体(主要是二氧化氯和含有一定量的氯气、臭氧和过氧化氢)被测试用于石油化合物清除,结果如表2所示:

表3.1 比较不同的氧化剂的氧化能力

有机化合物 初始浓度 O3 ClO2 H2O2 新鲜气体 KMnO4

/ mg·L – 1

石油 11. 34 67. 2 45. 8 0 61. 8 0

苯 3. 61 78. 3 71. 4 0 82. 3 0

甲苯 5. 23 91. 8 83. 0 0 95. 2 0

乙苯 8. 37 95. 1 91. 1 0 94. 5 0

p-苯基 7. 86 95. 8 90. 5 0 100 0

o-苯基 8. 36 95. 9 90. 3 0 100 0

m–苯基 9. 29 95. 4 87. 3 0 100 0

苯乙烯 9. 36 96. 2 84. 7 5.7 100 46.1

进行的一项研究阐明了在天然有机物存在和不存在的情况下氯胺的腐蚀路径。结果发现,天然有机物主要充当的是还原剂而不是催化剂。这一结论使用氧化还原平衡得到了验证,大多氯胺的氧化能力是对天然有机物的去除氧化。在城市废水在来自于家庭饲养,医院,厨房的清洁剂和消毒剂是可吸附有机卤化物的来源。可吸附有机卤化物剧烈产生的数量依赖于它的性质和溶解固体有机物浓度、活性物质的浓度、温度、pH值和反应时间。当混合气体、水分子和有机微污染物反应时,次氯酸是由氯,氯酸盐组成,氯酸盐离子是在一系列氧化还原反应中从二氧化氯产生的。主要反应式总结如下:

ClO2 有机物→ClO -sup2; 氧化有机物 (3.1)

2ClO -sup2; Cl2 = 2ClO2 2Cl - (3.2)

2ClO -sup2; HOCl = 2ClO2 2Cl - OH- (3.3)

2ClO2 HOCl H2O = 2ClO - sup3; HCl 2H (3.4)

氯酸盐的收益率可以用方程描述:

d[ClO3]/ dt = 2k[ClO2][HOCl] (3.5)

在其中k = 1.28米/分,在25℃。

在低亚氯酸盐浓度或过量氯存在时形成氯酸盐的不良反应的化学计量如下:

ClO -sup2; Cl2 H2O = ClO - sup3; 2Cl - 2H (3.6)

ClO - sup2; HOCl = ClO - sup3; Cl - H (3.7)

在碱性条件:

ClO -sup2; HOCl OH- = ClO - sup3; Cl - H2O (3.8)

通常情况下,二氧化氯用于饮用水处理的浓度范围从0.1到2.0毫克/升。但是二氧化氯反应的相应副产物亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐被发现在人体内当浓度超过100毫克/升时可能诱导高铁血红蛋白血症。有机污染物的氧化结果受反应时间到影响。初始浓度和不同时间的去除率列于表3。结果表明,二氧化氯具有很强的氧化能力,其中包括打破了苯环。有没有其他常用氧化剂做得像这样,除了臭氧。

表3.2 在不同的运行时间检测有机化合物的去除率(在PH值为7)

化合物 初始浓度 去除率 %

/mg·L – 1 2 min 10 min 15 min

石油 18. 12 45. 8 46. 9 47. 3

苯 41. 25 14. 1 41. 2 60. 7

甲苯 31. 75 17. 5 54. 9 86. 8

乙苯 16. 15 24. 7 63. 5 89. 8

p–苯基 10. 75 25. 9 84. 9 100

o–苯基 30. 25 20. 9 79. 1 100

m–苯基 33. 20 28. 6 100 100

苯乙烯 62. 40 100 100 100

二氧化氯气体注入溶液的方法对去除率也有一个明显影响。依据间接的方法,首先是气体溶解在一定量的蒸馏水,然后加入检测的有机溶液,结果显示,去除率比直接

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