跨境电商背景下小微企业核心能力研究外文翻译资料

跨境电商背景下小微企业核心能力研究

摘要：两篇文献分别是基于对爱尔兰和韩国各行业企业运用电子商务情况的实证研究。

研究的结论都认为电子商务是企业发展的必然趋势，正确的应用电子商务对企业至关重要。文献一通过对爱尔兰中小企业问卷调查的结果进行统计分析指出，企业认为提供生命周期长的产品或服务、以市场为导向以及电子商务网站的基础功能是三个重要能力。文献二通过构建电子贸易绩效模型和假设检验分析出组织能力和营销能力是影响电子贸易能力的决定性因素。

关键词：电子贸易；中小企业；核心能力

引用文献一：

E-opportunities of service sector SMEs: an Irish cross-border study

（服务业中小企业的电子商机: 爱尔兰跨境研究）

原文作者：Elaine Ramsey Pat Ibbotson Jim Bell and Brendan Gray

1 前言

电子商务通常被称为“中小企业通往全球商业和市场的门户”。这是一个极具吸引力的选择，特别是考虑到政府提供的大量支持(例如电子商务倡议) ，来推动该行业的增长。越来越多的人们猜测，中小企业将能够占领全球市场，向国际客户销售产品，并与大型企业展开有利的竞争。然而，以往的研究表明，采用信息和通信技术战略的情况因公司规模、出口活动、对利益的认识、客户类型及大型贸易伙伴的要求而不同(lauder and westall，1999; poon and swatman，1999)。虽然公司的规模被认为是一个主要的决定因素，但往往有多种因素在起作用。因此，我们认为中小型企业在网络技术方面存在重大障碍，包括对网络动态的战略性认识，以及发展管理电子商务信息基础设施的能力。(tetteh and burn，2001)

2 电子商务模型

电子商务模式的出现、快速增长以及对互联网和电子商务的兴趣，上述的若干阶段都有增长模型描述，例如:

●电子商务生命周期模型(berryman，1999) ;

●互联网商务成熟度模型(poon and swatman，1999) ;

●承诺-执行矩阵模型(stroud，1998) ;

●增长阶段的模型(mckay et al.，2000) ;

●贸易和工业部中小企业电子商务采用阶梯(2000)

这些模型例证了信息科技的应用和管理日趋复杂化的各个阶段。电子商务的关键是要有效地将创造价值的努力与“新”媒体的技术能力相匹配。业务战略和信息系统/信息技术战略必须在内部和外部紧密结合，以建立一个规划和接收订单、以电子方式支付和接收付款的无缝流程，并在战略性业务网络的所有参与者之间建立无缝流程。

3 中小企业运用电子商务的障碍

欧洲中小型企业观察站的统计数字表明，大多数中小型企业没有使用诸如互联网和万维网等信息和通信技术进行商业交易。一项针对拥有自己网站的北爱尔兰小公司的研究得出的结论是，互联网利用率不足，83%的受访者没有互联网战略，也没有将互联网纳入自己的营销战略。

其他实证研究发现，设计、更新和维护网站对于小公司来说很困难(blackburn，athayde，2000)。技术上的可行性与缺乏广泛应用之间的这种差异，是中小企业电子商务失败的典型原因。

电子商务的本质决定了互联网业务是一种科技驱动的业务。因此支持电子商务发展的一个基本的横向成功因素，就是中小企业应用科技的情况。

4 研究课题

研究目的：调查爱尔兰北部和南部服务部门中小型企业采用信通技术和开展电子商务活动的程度。

研究方法：研究人员采用了多阶段的方法，使用定量研究(邮政调查)和定性研究(网站分析和案例研究)

调查设计：调查结果来自一份自填邮寄问卷，该问卷随机分发给来自不同服务部门的500家中小企业(其中250家来自爱尔兰北部，250家来自南部) ;在接受调查的爱尔兰北部和南部的500家服务公司中，收到了53家中小企业的回复(回复率为11%)。其中两个被认为无法分析。大多数公司(92%)规模较小，雇员不足50人。59%的企业雇用的员工少于10人(微型企业)。

5 分析结果（企业运用电子商务的关键要素）

一、提供的服务种类

平均而言，企业倾向于提供拥有一个相当长的生命周期的有形的产品和服务元素。

二、市场环境

研究表明，市场导向更强的公司往往会在动荡的市场中茁壮成长。

三、信息和通信技术（电子商务网站复杂性功能）

1、服务的性质

对服务的性质进行了分析，有网站和没有网站的公司的比较衡量标准。很明显，拥有网站的公司拥有更加定制化的服务或产品，寿命更长，而且更具体。

2、电子商务用途

实际的中小企业网站使用情况可以通过下列设施的供应水平具体表现(根据重要程度排列）:

●提供公司信息

●客户沟通(例如电子邮件、表格)

●对外信息搜索(例如与其他网站的超链接)

●产品信息

●网上订单

6 结论

整体研究结果显示，资讯科技正对并会继续对服务业产生重大影响。所涉问题是，互联网有助于将服务转变为一个更加灵活、个人化、可持续和一体化的产业，适当实施信息和通信技术将大大改变商业活动或促成新的活动。互联网商务具有为中小企业提供“竞争优势”的潜力。

科技推动电子商务的发展，正确的执行对于中小企业控制其电子商务流程至关重要。因此，必要的组织调整是实施电子商务的最大障碍之一。小型企业必须认识到，互联网技术不是一种技术工具，而是一种商业工具。它应被视为增加企业增值能力的一个机会，在这种情况下，单个企业采用适当的信息技术可以获得竞争优势。

互联网的应用过程和战略发展过程一样是渐进的。因此，我们必须从发展的角度，而不是一次性的交易来看待这方面的支持。在这种交易中，机会和风险要求企业从推动科技发展，转向以电子商务为重点，并谨慎配合核心业务活动。电子商务需要建立在行之有效的战略原则基础之上，其中技术变革将沿着”途径”展开，这种途径部分来自技术本身固有的可能性，部分来自创新公司的技术优势。

[1] Elaine Ramsey ;Pat Ibbotson ;Jim Bell. “E-opportunities of service sector SMEs: an Irish cross-border study.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,2003 ;10(3):250-264.

E-opportunities of service sector SMEs: an Irish cross-border study

Keywords: Electronic commerce, Service operations, Small-to medium-sized enterprises

Abstract：The Internet is causing fundamental changes in the economics of service industries as new, network-based global e-business models emerge, where small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been identified as key users of Internet commerce. Initially the paper contextualises the research issues via a review of the theoretical opportunities afforded firms of all sizes. Correspondingly, an examination of the practical impediments from an SME perspective suggests that, among other things, there are major hurdles for SMEs going online including strategic appreciation of the dynamics of the Web and the development of capabilities for managing the information infrastructure for e-business. To illustrate the inherent issues, the findings of empirical

research are presented. Both inductive and deductive methodological approaches were employed to investigate e-business awareness, attitudes and activities among a sample of Irish (north and south) service sector SMEs.

Introduction

E-business is often described as the lsquo;SMErsquo;s gateway to global business and marketsrsquo; (Liikanen, 2001); an extremely attractive option, especially given the huge publicity and support provided by governments (e.g. e-b usiness initiatives) to push growth in the sector. It is increasingly speculated that they (SMEs) will be able to capture global markets, sell to international customers and compete favourably with large corporations. However, previous research shows that adoption of ICT strategies varies according to size of the firm, exporting activity, awareness of benefits, type of customers and its imposition by large trading partners (Lauder and Westall, 1999; Poon and Swatman, 1999). Often a multiplicity of factors may be at work, although size of firm is considered a major determining factor (Department of Trade and Industry, 1998). Thus it is suggested that there are major hurdles for SMEs going online, including strategic appreciation of the dynamics of the Web and the development of capabilities for managing the information infrastructure for e-business (Tetteh and Burn, 2001).

E-business models

To this end, the emergence, rapid growth and interest in Internet and electronic commerce

have bee

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跨境电商背景下小微企业核心能力研究

摘要：两篇文献分别是基于对爱尔兰和韩国各行业企业运用电子商务情况的实证研究。

研究的结论都认为电子商务是企业发展的必然趋势，正确的应用电子商务对企业至关重要。文献一通过对爱尔兰中小企业问卷调查的结果进行统计分析指出，企业认为提供生命周期长的产品或服务、以市场为导向以及电子商务网站的基础功能是三个重要能力。文献二通过构建电子贸易绩效模型和假设检验分析出组织能力和营销能力是影响电子贸易能力的决定性因素。

关键词：电子贸易； 中小企业；企业能力

引用文献一：

E-opportunities of service sector SMEs: an Irish cross-border study

Keywords: Electronic commerce, Service operations, Small-to medium-sized enterprises

Abstract：The Internet is causing fundamental changes in the economics of service industries as new, network-based global e-business models emerge, where small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been identified as key users of Internet commerce. Initially the paper contextualises the research issues via a review of the theoretical opportunities afforded firms of all sizes. Correspondingly, an examination of the practical impediments from an SME perspective suggests that, among other things, there are major hurdles for SMEs going online including strategic appreciation of the dynamics of the Web and the development of capabilities for managing the information infrastructure for e-business. To illustrate the inherent issues, the findings of empirical

research are presented. Both inductive and deductive methodological approaches were employed to investigate e-business awareness, attitudes and activities among a sample of Irish (north and south) service sector SMEs.

Introduction

E-business is often described as the lsquo;SMErsquo;s gateway to global business and marketsrsquo; (Liikanen, 2001); an extremely attractive option, especially given the huge publicity and support provided by governments (e.g. e-b usiness initiatives) to push growth in the sector. It is increasingly speculated that they (SMEs) will be able to capture global markets, sell to international customers and compete favourably with large corporations. However, previous research shows that adoption of ICT strategies varies according to size of the firm, exporting activity, awareness of benefits, type of customers and its imposition by large trading partners (Lauder and Westall, 1999; Poon and Swatman, 1999). Often a multiplicity of factors may be at work, although size of firm is considered a major determining factor (Department of Trade and Industry, 1998). Thus it is suggested that there are major hurdles for SMEs going online, including strategic appreciation of the dynamics of the Web and the development of capabilities for managing the information infrastructure for e-business (Tetteh and Burn, 2001).

E-business models

To this end, the emergence, rapid growth and interest in Internet and electronic commerce

have been paralleled with a number of stages of growth models, such as:

● the e-business life cycle model (Berryman, 1999);

● the Internet commerce maturity model (Poon and Swatman, 1999);

● the commitment-implementation matrix model (Stroud, 1998);

● the stages of growth model (McKayetal, 2000); and

● Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) SME e-business adoption ladder (2000)

These models exemplify the various phases involved in moving toward greater sophistication, with respect to the use and management of information technology.The crux of e-commerce is to effectively match the efforts to create superior value with the technical capabilities of the “new” medium. Business strategies and information systems/information technology strategies must be closely aligned both internally to produce a seamless process of planning and receiving an order, making and receiving payments electronically, and externally across all players in strategic business networks.

SMEs and e-business——the impediments

Statistics from the European Observatory for SMEs suggest, and other studies confirm, that most SMEs are not using ICTs such as the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) for commercial transactions. A study of small firms in Northern Ireland with their own Web sites concluded that the Internet was being under-utilised, where 83 percent of respondents did not have an Internet strategy or include the Web as part of their marketing strategy.

Other empirical research found that designing, updating and maintaining Web sites proves difficult for small firms (Blackburn and Athayde, 2000). This difference between what is technically possible and the lack of widespread adoption is the classic example of e-business failure among SMEs.

A fundamental lsquo;lsquo;horizontalrsquo;rsquo; success factor that underpins e-business is the SMEsrsquo; use of technology where the very nature of e-business dictates that an Internet business is the technology that drives it.

The research issue

The main objective of this research was to investigate the level of ICT adoption and e-business activities among service sector SMEs in the north and south of Ireland.

Research methodology

The researcher employed a multi-stage approach using both quantitative (postal survey) and qualitative research instruments (Web site analysis, and a case study)

The survey

The findings are derived from a self-completion postal questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 500 SMEs (250 from the north of Ireland and 250 from the south), from various service sectors

Postal survey findings

Of the 500 service firms in the north and south of Ireland that were surveyed, responses were received from 53 SMEs (11 percent response rate). Of these, two were deemed invalid for analysis.The majority of firms (92 per cent) were small, employing fewer than 50 employees, with 59 per cent employing less than ten (micro business) employ

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