2019冠状病毒病大流行期间的在线展览外文翻译资料

 2023-03-27 17:04:25

2019冠状病毒病大流行期间的在线展览

原文作者 Sheila K. Hoffman University of Massachusetts, Lowell

摘要:在20世纪90年代中期,当许多博物馆开始在建立在线人物形象方面犹豫不决时,一种担忧仍然阻碍了许多人的发展,那就是,如果一件藏品或一种体验可以在网上获得,那么亲自参观的人数必然会减少。从那以后的25年里,这种恐惧在很大程度上已经被消除了,尽管我们数字化捕获和传播文化收藏的技术能力已经呈指数级提高,甚至到了网络体验在某些方面超过了亲身体验的程度。事实上,博物馆已经远远超出了展示藏品中主要作品的几张图片的能力,增加了反映几乎所有亲身体验的机会。但是,即使是这种“蒙娜丽莎”效应也没有降低亲临参观的人数。而相反,任何在世界上最著名的博物馆挤过人群的人都可以证明这一点。事实上,置身于这种无处不在的人群之中,我在这种场合不禁会想,要减少观看人数、提高观看质量,恐怕得靠上帝的力量了。

关键词:线上展会;

在20世纪90年代中期,当许多博物馆开始采取他们的第一个犹豫不决的步骤,建立在线人物,担心仍然阻碍了许多人,如果一个收藏或经验可以在网上,面对面的访问将不可避免地减少(安德森1996;科迪1997;华莱士1995)。从那以后的25年里,这种恐惧在很大程度上已经被消除了,尽管我们数字化捕获和传播文化收藏的技术能力已经呈指数级提高,甚至到了网络体验在某些方面超过了亲身体验的程度。事实上,博物馆已经远远超出了展示藏品中主要作品的几张图片的能力,增加了反映几乎所有亲身体验的机会。但是,即使是这种“蒙娜丽莎”效应也没有降低亲临参观的人数。而相反,任何在世界上最著名的博物馆挤过人群的人都可以证明这一点。事实上,置身于这种无处不在的人群之中,我在这种场合不禁会想,要减少观看人数、提高观看质量,恐怕得靠上帝的力量了。

进入后疫情时代

就在上一期《世界博物馆》出版后不久,全球流行病和随后的隔离措施开始蔓延。人们很快就明白,通常拥有来自世界各地的展览和书评精选的书评科将会受到不同寻常的挑战。但同样,这似乎是一个将展览评论带入一个新领域的机会——评论博物馆的在线服务。我急切地想看看这一切会变成什么样子。

传统的博物馆展览都是一样的,但每个都是独特的。它们在全球范围内都具有相同的特征,它们的关键组成部分是人工制品、标本或文化物品在物理空间中的排列,其解释旨在提供新的见解或知识——一篇以三维形式写的论文或论文。然而,无论是通过视觉奇观、引人入胜的叙事,还是创新的博物馆学方法,我们每个人都深知展览在某种程度上超越了这些参数。《博物馆世界》中提出的评论试图突出这些超越的时刻,也许特别是后者,以造福全球博物馆专业人士。

虽然我们以前没有接触过网上展览的评论,但全球大流行让我们有机会认为,它不是一个展览的辅助元素,而是一个原有展览的替代。我们在20世纪90年代中期担心的事情已经成为现实,即使只是暂时的——虚拟已经取代了现实。

在2017年,我就这个话题(Hoffman 2017)为我的论文进行了答辩,涉及数字文化的后客体性质的问题,或者更确切地说,如果文化对象不再存在,我们为它创造的数字维度是否足够?2017年,答案是非常响亮的“不”。2020年,大流行对这个问题的必然推论——在线展览取代现场展览——也不足。

在这篇评论的开始,我的目的是找到前五或前十的在线展览,与我们其他评论的目标相同——找到并强调创新或有益的例子,允许全球博物馆社区的进一步讨论或改进。很快人们就明白了,面对面展览的真理同样适用于在线展览:它们本质上都是一样的,都有自己独特的视角。不幸的是,在网络空间中,能够负担得起使在线展览脱颖而出的技术或设计与独特或卓越的元素密切相关——与我们的实体博物馆空间一样。然而,在线领域进一步提炼了这方面。数字领域的无限空白画布模糊了物理空间、策展声音和折衷收藏的独特性。网上展览不仅令人沮丧地与博物馆网站上的其他东西纠缠在一起,而且由于预先确定的图像、文本和视频格式,解释或展品之间的许多区别变得模糊不清。在一个接一个的网站上,在线展览的组成部分只有一点不同。

我们都在用同样的工具工作

每个在线博物馆展览都依赖于图像、文字和视频音频,通常以播客的形式出现,是另一种流行的内容。这并不是什么大启示。这些产品都相对便宜,易于通过现成的内容管理系统以及更多定制产品进行生产和管理。在某种程度上,这应该是令人欣慰的。YouTube是免费的,在这一审查过程中,几乎所有被审查的博物馆都在为自己的YouTube频道制作视频。有时,它们被嵌入网站,有时有一个超文本列表,有时访客被推送到YouTube频道本身。但它们仍然是视频。和360°巡回演出一样,它们的质量也各不相同,资金往往通过专业制作来确定质量,但在COVID-19时代,更多的自制视频是令人愉快和熟悉的。事实上,减少生产可能是一种资产,有助于消除一些有时与博物馆有关的沉闷。就我个人而言,我喜欢实习生、保安或助理谈论他们喜欢的对象的视频。#Rijksmuseumfromhome10是一个特别好的系列视频,似乎是在大流行期间自制的。显然,他们有一定程度的后期制作,但他们仍然是平易近人和不呆板的,而且,更重要的是,他们的员工知识的广度和热情,以及令人敬畏的收藏范围以一种亲密的方式。

播客可能(也许令人惊讶)比视频更棘手。尽管专业的音质和编辑并不总是必需的,但去除视觉效果,从而加强对听觉的关注,会放大不完美之处。博物馆似乎已经意识到了这一点,而播客并不像视频那么容易获得。有一些博物馆制作自己的播客内容。洛杉矶的自然历史博物馆定期举办一系列展览,而大英博物馆则制作了一个关于二战艺术品搬迁计划的简短系列展览然而,大多数最好的博物馆播客都是由充满激情的专业人士在博物馆之外制作的。有些博物馆会上传画廊内或专业讲座的音频。虽然这听起来就像没有视频组件的静态讲座录音一样令人兴奋,但这是并且应该避免的。然而,美国国家美术馆(华盛顿特区)却制作了一种有趣的版本但总的来说,更有趣、更吸引人(因此也更成功)的音频产品在语气上更健谈,在精神上也更好奇。

当然,图片和文字的管理和制作要比视频或播客容易得多,但博物馆也不应该自欺欺人地认为自己掌握了这些技术。只是在过去的十年里,一些博物馆才开始坚持对图像的保护立场。毕竟,长期以来,在网上分享图片似乎是默许复制它们(Jones-Garmil 1996)。荷兰国立博物馆从早期就一直走在网络扩张的前沿,尤其是在图像方面。他们是最早向公众公开其藏品的高分辨率图像的博物馆之一(Wim 2015),当时许多博物馆仍在限制使用和收费(Chaumier et al. 2013)。当许多人还在犹豫是否要在网上免费提供真正高分辨率的图像时,瑞典国立博物馆仍然是在线博物馆领域的领导者大英博物馆与谷歌文化研究所合作,举办了最酷的虚拟“游览”活动。它不是一个360度的画廊之旅,而是一个动态的、交互式的信息图形平台,用于展示大量的藏品。物体用彩色编码成五个地理区域,用类似于音乐五线谱的时间线上的点表示。在时间的倒流中,这些物体散发出一种小小的音调,演奏出一种随机的曲调。

在线展览中的文字无处不在——也许并不令人惊讶——没有足够的先见之明,在哪里的背景下有多少,什么。通常情况下,很明显的是,在线图片上的文字都是来自于一个物品的图库标签。有时,它似乎是来自展览目录或目录的文本。但似乎没有战略思想投入哪些文本可能更适合于一个严格的在线观看的图像更加那么高分辨率图像和观众能真正提供的导游工作的复杂性,不能出现在画廊。任何营销专业人士都会告诉你,在每个在线平台上发布完全相同的内容——无论是Twitter、Facebook、Instagram还是其他——都缺乏策略,而且会降低影响力。媒介就是信息(McLuhan和Fiore 1967);平台及其受众应该决定内容的范围和性质。精心策划——有些人可能会说“策划”——专门为一个在线场所举办的博物馆展览提高了可访问性和影响力。这不可避免地导致以下后果。

我们仍然处于一种替代思维的掌控之中

这就是说,我们对物理空间的感知,以及它的所有限制,仍然支配着我们对在线空间的创造。一些作者将此称为“印刷范式”(Doueihi 2011),其中,印刷出版文化根深蒂固的本质仍然是网络格式的固有模式,以及我们经常试图理解它们的方法。最近的一些作者指出,在“在线展览”和“在线出版物”(Hidalgo Urbaneja 2020)的类似格式和组成部分中,这种对这种范式的持续依赖(Hidalgo Urbaneja 2020),它们在使用上述所有各种元素时将其混淆在一起。

博物馆还停留在用物品的图片来替代在线环境中的物品的想法上当然,360度游览的本质强化了我们物质世界的“主导框架隐喻”。这就是为什么博物馆同样喜欢在任何地方或任何方式出现的物品的在线图像上附上相同的画廊标签文本。但这种想法将网络领域固定在我们物质世界的局限性上,而在现实中,数字领域和物质领域可以相互增强,同时弥补对方的弱点。网上展览提供了做更多的机会——提供更深入、不同或相互竞争的解释;进一步探索的途径;有机会以不利于线性画廊设置的方式观察和思考。很少有博物馆利用这一点。

线上连接就是一切

如果我们都有相同的工具箱,那么界面(也就是设计)就能区分出更好的在线展览。这与实体画廊空间的展览没有什么不同,我们从本质上知道,当一个在线空间超越了它的基本组成部分,“感觉”舒适和诱人。对于在线领域的博物馆展览来说,收藏品图像的强烈视觉效果似乎经常被误认为是界面的视觉感受。如果这种解读并不一定是为数字空间设计的,那么在线空间就已经面临着失败的风险。当其他用于在线展示的工具被添加到一个已经设计得很差的空间中时,我们要么得到了混乱、混乱的网站,要么得到了隐藏的组件。只有退出博物馆网站并使用商业搜索引擎才能发现的360度旅游,不值得投入这么多的资金去制作。一家博物馆甚至在博客上列出了该博物馆在网上展示藏品的所有方式。这确实是一个令人印象深刻的名单,但博客本身是一个偶然的发现,深埋在这个庞大的博物馆的网络深处。清晰是在线界面设计的指导原则,而博物馆的在线展示往往打破了这一原则。

当然,“更多”和“更好”往往需要财政资源,即使在最好的时期,这些资源也是严重缺乏的,更不用说面对前所未有的就业流失和对机构的财政支持。但是我也敏锐地意识到以上的多少不能被认为是一个快速反应的结果大流行条件,而是是博物馆的历史悠久的产品差阐明“数字化”意味着什么和查看在线通过镜头我们物理世界的潜力。虽然在疫情期间,普通观众会偶然享受到各种在线展览和游览,但很明显,在很大程度上,在线博物馆展览暴露了对数字的过时理解,只有少数杰出的例子。

外文文献出处:Sheila K. Hoffman. Online Exhibitions during the COVID-19 Pandemic[J]. Museum Worlds,2020,8(1):

Online Exhibitions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract:In the mid-1990s, when many museums were beginning to take their first hesitant steps toward building online personae, the worry still holding many back was that if a collection or experience were available online, in-person visitation would invariably decline . In the 25 years since, that fear has largely been dispelled even as our technical ability to digitally capture and disseminate cultural collections has improved exponentially, even to the point that the online experience in some ways exceeds the in-person experience. Indeed, museums have moved far beyond the ability to show a few images of the major works in a collection, adding opportunities that mirror almost all the offerings of the in-person experience. But even this “Mona Lisa” effect has not driven in-person visitation down. Rather the opposite. Anyone who has elbowed through the crowds at many of the worlds best-known museums can attest to that. Indeed, having been among this ubiquitous press of people, I could not help but think on such occasions that it would take an act of God to reduce the numbers and im

剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料


外文文献出处:Sheila K. Hoffman. Online Exhibitions during the COVID-19 Pandemic[J]. Museum Worlds,2020,8(1):

Online Exhibitions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract:In the mid-1990s, when many museums were beginning to take their first hesitant steps toward building online personae, the worry still holding many back was that if a collection or experience were available online, in-person visitation would invariably decline . In the 25 years since, that fear has largely been dispelled even as our technical ability to digitally capture and disseminate cultural collections has improved exponentially, even to the point that the online experience in some ways exceeds the in-person experience. Indeed, museums have moved far beyond the ability to show a few images of the major works in a collection, adding opportunities that mirror almost all the offerings of the in-person experience. But even this “Mona Lisa” effect has not driven in-person visitation down. Rather the opposite. Anyone who has elbowed through the crowds at many of the worlds best-known museums can attest to that. Indeed, having been among this ubiquitous press of people, I could not help but think on such occasions that it would take an act of God to reduce the numbers and improve the quality of viewing.

In the mid-1990s, when many museums were beginning to take their first hesitant steps toward building online personae, the worry still holding many back was that if a collection or experience were available online, in-person visitation would invariably decline (Anderson 1996; Cody 1997; Wallace 1995). In the 25 years since, that fear has largely been dispelled even as our technical ability to digitally capture and disseminate cultural collections has improved exponentially, even to the point that the online experience in some ways exceeds the in-person experience. Indeed, museums have moved far beyond the ability to show a few images of the major works in a collection, adding opportunities that mirror almost all the offerings of the in-person experience. But even this “Mona Lisa” effect has not driven in-person visitation down. Rather the opposite. Anyone who has elbowed through the crowds at many of the worlds best-known museums can attest to that. Indeed, having been among this ubiquitous press of people, I could not help but think on such occasions that it would take an act of God to reduce the numbers and improve the quality of viewing.

Enter COVID-19. Mea culpa.

The global pandemic and ensuing quarantines grew just after the previous edition of Museum Worlds was published. It quickly became clear that the Reviews Section, usually ripe with a selection of exhibition and book reviews from around the globe, would be unusually challenged. But likewise, it seemed like an opportunity to move the exhibition reviews into a new area—reviewing the online offerings of museums. I was eager to see what shape this would take.

Traditional museum exhibitions are all the same, and yet each is unique. They all generally take on the same characteristics around the globe, their key components being the arrangements of artifact, specimen, or cultural object in a physical space with interpretation designed to give new insight or knowledge—an essay or treatise written in three dimensions. Yet, each of us knows intrinsically when an exhibition somehow transcends these parameters, whether through visual spectacle, engaging narrative, or innovative museological approach. The reviews put forth in Museum Worlds seek to highlight these moments of transcendence, perhaps especially the latter type for the benefit of global museum professionals.

Though we have not approached reviews of online exhibitions before, the global pandemic gives us the opportunity to consider it not as an ancillary element of an exhibition, but as a replacement of the original. The thing we feared in the mid-1990s has come to pass, even if temporarily—the virtual has replaced the actual.

In 2017, I defended my dissertation on this topic (Hoffman 2017), engaging the question of the post-object nature of digital culture or, rather, if the cultural object no longer exists, will the digital dimensions we have created for it be sufficient? In 2017, the answer was quite resoundingly “no.” In 2020, the pandemic corollary to this question—online exhibitions replacing in-person exhibitions—also comes up short.

My intent at the outset of this review was to find the top five or ten online exhibitions with the same objective that guides our other reviews—to find and underscore innovative or contributive examples that allow for further discussion or improvement in the global museum community. What quickly became clear is that the same truism for in-person exhibitions holds for their online counterparts: they are essentially all the same, with their own unique spin. Unfortunately, in the online space the ability to afford the technology or design to make an online exhibition stand out correlates strongly to distinctive or transcendent elements—not unlike in our physical museum spaces. However, the online realm further distills this aspect. The infinite blank canvas of the digital realm blurs the uniqueness of physical spaces, curatorial voices, and eclectic collections. Not only do online exhibitions become frustratingly entangled with everything else on a museums website, but much of the distinction lent by interpretation or object is obscured by predetermined image, text, and video formats. On website after website, online exhibition components vary only a little.

We Are All Working with the Same Tools

Every online museum exhibition is dependent on image, text, and video.资料编号:[597978],资料为PDF文档或Word文档,PDF文档可免费转换为Word

原文和译文剩余内容已隐藏,您需要先支付 30元 才能查看原文和译文全部内容!立即支付

以上是毕业论文外文翻译,课题毕业论文、任务书、文献综述、开题报告、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。