Comparison research on waste classification between China and the EU, Japan, and the USA
Xuefeng Wen·Qingming Luo·Hualong Hu· Na Wang·Ying Chen·Jing Jin·Yongli Hao· Guanying Xu· Fengming Li· Wenjie Fang
Received:4 October 2012/Accepted: 22 August 2013/Published online: 13 September 2013⑥ Springer Japan 2013
Abstract Waste and waste management have become significant global issues and common challenges that we face. Efficient and effective waste management is an essential part of civilized society. A good waste classifi- cation system is the foundation and precondition for effi- cient waste management.In this paper, in accordance with waste classification principles of systematicness, hierarchy, practical maneuverability and expansibility, waste classi- fication systems in China,the EU, Japan and the USA are reviewed for collection, transportation and treatment sec- tors. Comparison analysis results show that waste classifi- cation methods are diversified and process-oriented classification, substance-oriented and hazardous properties classification principles are widely adopted for waste generation and transportation. For waste treatment process, all the countries and regions adopt similar classification methods based on follow-up treatment process. In general, the EU and Japan all have established their own integrated waste classification system. However,the EUs macro-micro integration waste classification systems are more suitable for China to learn which process-oriented waste classification is used for declaration and registration at the micro-level and substance-oriented waste classification system for environmental statistics at the macro-level.
Keywords Waste classification.Process-oriented. Source-oriented. Hazardous property. Environmental management
Introduction
In China, waste means articles and substances in solid, semi-solid, or gaseous state in containers that are the result of production,living and other activities and have lost their original use values or are discarded or abandoned though havent yet lost use values, and articles and substances that are included into the management of solid wastes upon the strength of administrative regulations [1]. Although defi- nitions of waste and what falls into waste categories among different countries or regions have slight differences, waste and waste management have become significant global issues and common challenges that we face. Efficient and effective waste management is an essential part of civilized society. Integrated waste management may include source separation, collection, transportation and treatment activi- ties. Among the activities of waste management,one of the most important issues is waste classification. Waste clas- sification is the process by which waste is assigned to one or more classes based on its properties, characteristics, components or other properties.
Waste classification systems are crucial for all the stakeholders,including administrators,waste generators and waste recyclers. For environmental management authorities, waste classification systems are designed to facilitate data collection, monitoring and supervision and to draw right management policies on waste management. For generators,waste classification systems can help them reduce costs by avoiding waste treatment solutions at the end. For recyclers, they will see waste classification as a priority to avoid environmental risks, protect workers health and achieve maximum profit.
Most countries and regions have developed their own waste classification systems. Although different waste classification systems exist in the EU, Japan, the USA and China,there is one worldwide used classification, namely, the Basel Convention including classification for hazardous waste and nonhazardous waste [2]. Waste management practices can differ for developed and developing nations. A good waste classification system is the foundation and precondition for efficient waste management. For example, a waste classification system is used when permits are given to waste management firms and when waste statistics is reported. When hazardous waste is transported within a country,it will be accompanied by a hazardous waste transfer manifest with waste codes. When shipping of hazardous waste among member states of the Basel Con- vention, the Basel code will also be used to indicate waste category and their properties.
China faces great challenges on waste management due to massive wastes thanks to the countrys fast development, mass production and consumption. Comprehensive waste classification systems in China have not been developed yet. Imperfect classification systems have resulted in a series of management problems,forexample,thereexists ablindzone in regulations for some new emerging wastes which are not covered by the current classification system and environ- mental statistics data cannot reflect the real situation.
It is, therefore, necessary to conduct comprehensive research on waste classification systems based on environ- mental management.In this paper, waste classification principles and systems from typical developed countries and regions such as the EU,Japan and the USA for waste gen- eration, transportation and treatment are reviewed and ana- lyzed. Relevant recommendations on improving Chinas waste classification systems are proposed based on com- parison analysis between China and the EU,Japan,and the USA.
Waste classification principles
The following principles are fundamental to the design and implementation of waste classification: systematicness, hierarchy, practical maneuverability and expansibility.
refers to a series of options for dealing with waste according to their environmental risks. Practical maneuverability means that the waste classification system can provide a user friendly tool for waste generators, recyclers an
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