Butterfly Species Diversity and
Abundance in University of Ibadan
Botanical Garden, Nigeria
Abideen Abiodun Alarape, James Kehinde Omifolaji, Georgina Samuel Mwansat
Abstract
Understanding the significance of butterflies in an ecosystem as an environmental healthy indicator and pollination of flowering plants is crucial to achieving sustainability and conservation of floral diversity. The aim of the study was to investigate the butterfly species diversity and abundance and compare the relationship between physical factor and butterfly species. Line transect were used to survey three habitats around botanical garden with scooped-net between June and July, 2010. Diversity varied from habitat to habitat. A checklist was made comprising a total of 57 butterfly species that were surveyed belonging to 9 families. There was a relationship between temperature and butterfly species diversity and abundance. There was no correlation between physical factors (relative humidity and temperature) and the total number of species and families. Moreover, butterfly numbers were not related to relative humidity in any species and family. However, temperature was significantly correlated with species. Therefore, understanding of the factors that affect butterfly species diversity and abundance in University of Ibadan Botanical Garden is important for conservation.
Keywords
Butterfly, Species, Botanical Garden, Diversity
Introduction
Insect comprises more than half of earth diversity of species . Butterflies are a taxonomically well studied
How to cite this paper: Alarape, A.A., Omifolaji, J.K. and Mwansat, G.S. (2015) Butterfly Species Diversity and Abundance in
group, which have received a reasonable amount of attention throughout the world , yet even within genera containing very common and wide spread species, our understanding of true species diversity may prove to be startling below common expectation . They have been studied systematically since the early 18th century and about 20,000 species are documented worldwide by 1998 . This figure is not constant because of continuous addition of new butterfliesrsquo; species. Many butterfliesrsquo; species are strictly seasonal indicators in term of anthropogenic disturbance and habitat quality. Lepidoptera community assembly and the factors which influence it have long been a topic of interest to ecologist and conservationists. Human dominated landscape form a substantial and ever increasing amount of the earthrsquo;s surface. These modified habitats often influence butterfly species and their dynamics .
Arthropods are good indicators of habitats biodiversity because they respond quickly to environmental changes, and are highly diverse taxon. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are the second largest order of arthropods and are most easily identified, making them particularly useful for biodiversity survey . Butterflies occur in a wide range of situations but are particularly characteristics of humid tropical forests, in which the known species occur. Two important aspect of diversity are species richness and relative abundance of individuals . Species richness is a critical variable in conservation planning and natural resource management.
A large proportion of the earthrsquo;s planets plant species including many trees depends on insects to pollinate their flowers. In turn, we and other land-dwelling animals depend on plant . Disappearance of insects could lead to extinction of earthrsquo;s animals because of the disappearance of so much plant life. Fortunately, insect has been around for at least 400 million years, and are phenomenally successful form of life. Today they are by far the planets most diverse, abundant and successful insect. The roles that the insects play in nature require us to understand how insects and other organisms living in a biological community interact with living and non-living environment . Among insects, butterflies are the most studied group in southern Nigeria, butterfly species have been documented since turn of 19th century. Later he made a preliminary survey of butterflies of Olokemeji forest reserve and Agege in Lagos state . Also made a detailed survey of butterflies of International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) forest, Ibadan and recorded nearly 149 species. The purpose of present investigation is to assess species richness of butterflies, provide species list and determine the physical factors affecting the distribution of butterfly species in the study area.
Materials and Methods
Study Area
University of Ibadan Botanical Garden is located within the University of Ibadan campus which is situated 6 kilometers to the North of the city of Ibadan (7˚26N and 3˚54E) at a mean altitude of 277 meters above sea level (Figure 1). It covers an area of 100 acres on the north of the site. The topsoil is freely drained, fairly acidic and of moderate fertility with colluvial deposits in the valley. The University of Ibadan is located in the northern limit of lowland rainforest zone. It lies in a transitional zone between the rainforest and derived savanna zone with annual rainfall of about 1220 mm of double peak during June and August which lasts for almost 8 months (April to October) and dry season between November and March. The vegetation of the area is rich with highly diverse species comprising of a wide variety of woody trees, shrubs, collection of herbs, palms and climbers which are well represented.
Monitoring (Line Transect)
Butterfly species was assessed quantitatively across different habitats with sweep
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尼日利亚伊巴丹大学植物园蝴蝶物种的丰富性和多样性
Abideen Abiodun Alarape, James Kehinde Omifolaji ,Georgina Samuel Mwansat
摘要:蝴蝶为开花植物授粉是作为一个生态系统的健康指标，明白这个的重要意义对实现可持续发展和保护植物的多样性至关重要。这项研究的目的是调查在物理因素和蝴蝶种类因素间影响蝴蝶物种丰富多样性的关系。2010年六月到七月之间，使用样线法在在植物园三种境网内进行调查。蝴蝶物种的多样性因栖息地的不同而不同。一个蝴蝶表单是分属9个科总共由57种蝴蝶品种构成。蝴蝶物种的多样性和丰富性还与温度有关系。而物理因素（相对湿度和温度）与物种科目总数之间并没有相关性。此外，在任一物种科目中的蝴蝶数量与相对湿度也没有关系。然而，物种多少与温度却有着很大的关系。因此，在伊巴丹植物园大学研究影响蝴蝶种类多样性和丰富性的因素对保护蝴蝶有重大意义。
关键词:蝴蝶，物种，植物园，多样性
1绪论
昆虫包含了地球上一半以上的物种。蝴蝶是分类学上很好研究组，这已经在全世界范围内得到了合理的关注，但即使在属中包含非常普遍和广泛的物种，我们真正的认识物种多样性可能被证明是惊人的低于人类共同的期望。自十八世纪初以来，他们一直系统的研究，截止1998年大约有20000个蝴蝶物种在全世界范围内被记录。这个数字不是恒定不变的，因为会不断增加新的蝴蝶物种。在长期的人为干扰和栖息地质量的变化下，许多蝴蝶物种都是一种严格季节性指标信号。鳞翅目昆虫群落及其影响因素一直是生态学家和环境保护主义者感兴趣的话题。人类主导的景观，形成了一个巨大的和不断增加的地球表面的量。这些改进的栖息地经常会影响蝶类及其动力学。
节肢动物是衡量栖息地生物多样性的良好指标，因为它们能快速响应环境的变化和高度多样化。鳞翅目昆虫（蝴蝶和飞蛾）是节肢动物的第二大物种，很容易判别，这使得它们成为特别有用的生物多样性调查对象。蝴蝶出现的环境范围广泛，但特别是在潮湿的热带森林，这是已知物种的特点。多样性两个重要的个体方面是物种丰富度和相对丰富。物种丰富度是规划保护和管理自然资源的关键变量。
行星地球上很大比例的植物包括许多树木都得依靠昆虫给他它们的花朵授粉。反过来，我们人类和其他陆地动物也依赖于植物。昆虫的灭绝会导致地球动物灭绝，因为大多植物消失了。幸运的是昆虫已经存在了至少4亿年，而且是生存方式非常成功。它们是这行星上迄今为止最多样化，最丰富和最成功的。昆虫在自然界中扮演的角色要求我们了解昆虫和生物群落中的其他有机物如何与生命和非生命环境进行相互作用。其中，蝴蝶是尼日利亚南部研究最多的种群，自十九世纪以来就已被记录在案。之后在拉各斯州的olokemeji森林保护区对蝴蝶做了初步调查。并对伊巴丹国际热带森林农业研究所（IITA）的蝴蝶做了详细调查并记录将近149种。本次调查的目的是评估蝴蝶物种丰富度，提供物种清单，并确定影响研究区分布的蝴蝶品种的物理因素。
2材料与方法
2.1研究区域
伊巴丹植物园大学坐落在距离伊巴丹市北部（7。26rsquo;N和3。54rsquo;E）6公里平均海拔超过277米（图1）的伊巴丹大学内。它覆盖北部100英亩的土地。土壤是随意倒掉的，相当的酸性和中等肥力崩积谷。伊巴丹大学位于低地雨林区的北部，地处热带雨林和衍生稀树草原区的过渡区域，其年平均降雨量大约1220毫米，每年六月和八月期间是降雨的高峰期，降水持续约八个月（四月到十月）且十一月到三月处于干燥期。该地区的植被丰富多样，有种类繁多的木本植物、灌木、草本植物、棕榈树和攀缘植物，这些都是很具有代表性的。
2.2检测(样线条）
扫描网和不同的捕获方法可以定量的估测不同栖息地的蝴蝶种类的数量。建立在植物区系组成的基础上整个植物园被划分为3个不同的区域。每个区域建立0.5公里的样带扫描网和不同的捕获方法可以定量的估测不同栖息地的蝴蝶种类的数量。建立在植物区系组成的基础上整个植物园被划分为3个不同的区域。每个区域建立0.5公里的样带以便尝试抓住每只蝴蝶的断面行走技术。总的来说，12样步行的路径（500*10米）每个站点都做了，全球定位系统（GPS）在开始时读取，沿着几点（特别是去曲线点）进行最后在断面结束。没有网时有以下气象条件：1）风gt;3的博福特尺度；2）下雨或非常潮湿；3）多云和寒冷的天气。随机扫网形成了快速估测生物多样性的基础。2010年6月21日至7月9日在不同生存区域进行采样。修改的样线计数通常被用来确定蝴蝶的丰富和丰富度。该方法中500米的样线在每个栖息地都被建立。在天气好的情况下（没有暴雨或强风）每一个样在40分钟内以均匀的速度缓慢的穿过每一个栖息地。从观察者覆盖蝴蝶的两侧，上面和前面来看，它的半径为5米。该方法同样适用于大范围内包括热带森林里的蝶类调查。对于任一个别品种都适用于标准法。
2.3数据分析
采用SPSS17进行统计分析。蝴蝶种类，个体的多样性和丰富性的计算方法通过描述性统计分析。通过单因素方差分析以确定在科目和物种丰富度之间是否存在因栖息地的不同而产生差异。物种丰富度的方式被确定。皮尔森的相关性以确定在物理因素和物种丰富度之间是否存在明显的关系。
3总结
通过观察发现57个种类和698个蝴蝶个体隶属于9个蝴蝶科目（附录1和表1），粉蝶科既是蝶类中物种数和个体数中占比很高（分别为38%,57.9%)的种群同时Ithiomidae和Rioninidae 也是占比百分之以上的物种和个体（表1）。观察图表发现在花园样带中有48个物种，在森林和耕地的栖息地中有28个物种（图2）。没有任何一个物理因素与蝴蝶物种丰富度的相关性在0.01的水平上（双侧）（表2）。从表2不难看出，物种丰富度与温度有关而与相对湿度无关。这一结论是一致认同的。它可能反映了热带和温带气候模式的差异。然而，蝴蝶物种与相对湿度和温度之间并没有显著的相关性，这表明相对湿度和温度对蝴蝶物种没有重要的影响。表1给出了最丰富的物种和个体，共有8个科目698个蝴蝶个体。表1.伊巴丹大学植物园中的蝴蝶种类频率分布
|
科目 |
物种数量(%) |
个体（%) |
|
粉蝶科 |
22 (38.5) |
404 (57.9) |
|
蛱蝶科 |
12 (21) |
132 (18.9) |
|
袖蝶科 |
6 (10.5) |
75 (10.7) |
|
灰蝶科 |
2 (3.5) |
8 (1.1) |
|
Ithiomidae |
1 (1.75) |
6 (0.9) |
|
Rioninidae |
1 (1.75) |
2 (0.3) |
|
Dananidae |
4 (7) |
36 (5.1) |
|
凤蝶科 |
2 (3.5) |
6 (0.9) |
|
眼蝶科 |
7 (12) |
29 (4.1) |
|
总计 |
57 |
698 |
资料来源：实地调查，2010.
表2.蝴蝶丰富和物种丰富度与物理因素的相关性
|
物理因素 |
湿度 |
温度（.C) |
|
群落 |
minus;0.630 |
0.521 |
|
物种 |
minus;0.264 |
0.828** |
**在0.01水平上显著相关（双尾）。资料来源：实地调查，2010.
图2.伊巴丹植物园大学物种丰富度/样数。
来源：实地调查
粉蝶科物种的404个个体以所占57.9%的数量位居第一，其次是蛱蝶科物种共132个个体，heliconidae物种占75个同时papilonidae物种至少占6个，剩余0.9%分别为（表1）。三个栖息地的蝴蝶种类总数/天的曲线显示，花园栖息地记录的19种/天，而栽培栖息地有着最小的蝴蝶总数/天（图3）。如图2栖息地的物种丰富度/样显示，在调查期间花园栖息地拥有最大的物种记录而森林和耕地栖息地只有28个物种记录。研究表明，园林栖息地有着最高的平均数为9.5的物种多样性，而森林和耕地这两个栖息地的物种多样性平均数分别为6.2和5.7。（图4）
图3.尼日利亚伊巴丹大学三个栖息地里的蝴蝶种类数/日曲线。
资料来源：实地调查，2010
图4.伊巴丹大学植物园的蝴蝶多样性
资料来源：实地调查，2010
4结论
伊巴丹大学植物园花卉的多样性为该地区的蝴蝶多样性和丰富性起到了重要支持作用。从本次调查获得的数据中可以发现在花园中观察到的物种总数目比在森林和耕地观察到的多。调查中发现粉蝶科是最丰富的物种，拥有着最多的个体数；然而 Ithiomidae科和 Rioninidae科有着最少的物种数。研究结果还表明，物理因素与蝴蝶物种和丰富度没有相关性。
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