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The following article was published in ASHRAE Journal, December 2008. copy;Copyright 2008 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. It is presented for educational purposes only. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in
Refrigeration for Ships
By Amey S. Majgaonkar, M.E.（作者：Amey S. Majgaonkar）
Naval refrigeration applications are similar to a high-rise building, only laid on its side. However, naval applications must deal with a corrosive marine environment, limited space for equipment, and the movement of the ship. This article describes the many additional constraints a designer faces in refrigeration system design for naval applications.
舰船上的制冷类似于在高层建筑上的应用，只能放在其侧面。然而，在海船上的应用就必须面临腐蚀性的海洋环境，有限的设备空间，以及船舶的运动。本文介绍了在海洋上船舶制冷系统设计应用中设计师所面临的许多额外限制条件。
The standards referred to in this article are case specific and can be used only after agreement with that particular navy. Usually, each navy uses standards per its own requirements on a case-by-case basis. In many cases, navies allow equivalent or similar standards for equipment and raw materials after a detailed study of project specification requirements regarding improvements in system design and operation.
在本文中所提到的标准是指某一具体情况，只有在与该特定船舶达成一致时才能被应用。通常情况下，每条船舶根据不同情况使用各自的要求。在许多情况下，一个关于改进系统设计和操作的项目规范，在仔细研究后，船舶可以对其设备和原材料采用相同或相似的标准。
Calculating Refrigeration Capacity（计算制冷量）
Refrigeration plants are used onboard mainly for food preservation in cold rooms and for producing ice required for onboard consumption. Heat load calculations provide the refrigeration capacity required for cold rooms. Heat load can be calculated by using methods available in technical literature or by using commercial software. The ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals and ISO Standard are useful for this purpose. The required capacity of a refrigeration plant is determined from individual cold-room heat load, ice production load, and from the required cooling down period. Generally, the refrigeration plant on warships has a capacity in the range of 3.5 kW to 50 kW (1 ton to 14 ton).
制冷装置在船上主要用于冷藏室的食品保存和用于船上消耗的制冰。热负荷计算提供冷室所需要的制冷量。热负荷可以通过使用可行的技术文献或商业软件的方法计算。ASHRAE手册基础与ISO标准就是用于此目的的。制冷装置所需的容量取决于各个的冷室热负荷，产冰负荷，取决于所需的冷却周期。一般来说，制冷装置在军舰上的制冷能力要在3.5千瓦至50千瓦（1吨至14吨）的范围内。
For chiller packages in most cases, a navy will specify the required capacity, or capacity can be calculated from chilled water flow rate and temperature difference. The capacity usually is in the range of 35 kW to 2,700 kW per chiller package.
在大多数情况下对于冷水机组来说，船舶将指定所需的容量，或者容量可以从冷水流量和温度差计算出来。通常每个冷水机组的容量在35千瓦至2700千瓦之间。
Refrigerant（制冷剂）
In developing countries, R-22 will be phased out soon. The service life of older ships is being extended to 10 to 12 years by retrofitting them with better plants, equipment, instruments, and machines. R-12 systems are being replaced by R-22 systems because the plant size is smaller compared to an R-134a replacement system. For new ships, environmentally friendly R134a is preferred.
在发展中国家，R-22不久将会被淘汰。通过更好的工厂，设备，仪器和机器改造他们，旧船的使用寿命延长到10年至12年。R-12系统正在被R-22系统替代因为他们的工厂规模与R-134a替代系统相比显得更小。对于新船来说，环保友好型R134a系统是首选。
Limited Space（有限的空间）
As stated previously, a ship is similar to a high-rise building, only laid on its side.Hatches, openings, passages, and staircases interconnect the compartments. The refrigeration plants and chiller packages are normally installed in any of these small compartments located in forward, aft(rear), and the mid portion of a ship, depending upon function. These compartments contain additional equipment, pipelines, and electrical cables, restricting the available space.
正如前面所述一样，一艘船舶类似于高层建筑，制冷装置只有放在一边。舱口盖，舱门，通道，相互连接舱室的楼梯。制冷装置和冷水机组通常根据所需作用安装在这些位于船前、后、和中间三个部分的小舱室中的任意一个里面。这些舱室包含了一些额外的设备，管道和电缆，限制了可用的空间。
A feasibility study considering the following points is essential for retrofits and is useful when designing new plants. The plant and equipment must be compact enough to be accommodated in the available space. The shipping route of individual equipment and/or a complete plant must be considered before designing the individual equipment or complete plant. The plantrsquo;s orientation within the compartment is decided after carefully considering its operational and maintenance requirements, and the best use of existing pumps and piping and electrical cabling. The mounting arrangement is decided by considering the foundation, bulkhead, deck head supports, and stiffness.
可行性研究考虑以下几点对进一步改进来说是很重要的，同样对设计新型装置也是很有用的。制冷装置和设备必须在有限的可用空间紧紧相连。在设计单个设备或者成套设备之前，必须考虑单个设备或者成套设备的航线。制冷装置在舱室内的定位需要仔细考虑其运行和维护要求，以及使用现有的泵、管道和电气布线之后再做决定。而它的布置安装则由基座、舱壁、舱顶板和刚度决定。
Once the sizes, weights, and operational requirements of individual equipment are known and, after considering all the previous points, the positioning and assembling of the individual equipment is done to form a compact skid to fit in the available space.
一旦已知各个设备的大小、重量和操作要求以及考虑前面几点，即各个设备的定位和安装之后，就会在有限的可用空间中完成一个紧凑而不松动的安装。
Equipment Weight（设备重量）
The equipment designed for naval use is expected to be lighter and stronger. The size and material of construction decides the weight of the equipment. Reduction in weight is possible by reducing the size and using lighter construction materials, keeping its operational and functional requirements intact.
为船用设计的设备预计将更轻而且更强。结构的尺寸和材料决定了装置的重量。所以减轻装置的重量是可能的，可以通过减小尺寸和使用更轻的结构材料，保持其操作和功能要求的完整。
Equipment such as heat exchangers and pressure vessels carry operating fluids. The weights for the equipment are specified as empty and operational in their datasheets. Standard engineering practices and intern
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