Animation
Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods.
Early examples
An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artists intention of depicting motion.
Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion.
Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran
An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artists intention of depicting motion.
A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word.
A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century.
These devices produced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much further until the advent of cinematography.
There is no single person who can be considered the 'creator' of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time.
Georges Meacute;liegrave;s was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Meacute;liegrave;s discovered this technique accidentally when his camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When he had fixed the camera, a hearse happened to be passing by just as Meacute;liegrave;s restarted rolling the film, his end result was that he had managed to make a bus transform into a hearse. This was just one of the great contributors to animation in the early years.
The earliest surviving stop-motion advertising film was an English short by Arthur Melbourne-Cooper called Matches: An Appeal (1899). Developed for the Bryant and May Matchsticks company, it involved stop-motion animation of wired-together matches writing a patriotic call to action on a blackboard.
J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American film-maker to use the techniques of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation. Introduced to film-making by Edison, he pioneered these concepts at the turn of the 20th century, with his first copyrighted work dated 1900. Several of his films, among them The Enchanted Drawing (1900) and Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) were film versions of Blacktons 'lightning artist' routine, and utilized modified versions of Meacute;liegrave;s early stop-motion techniques to make a series of blackboard drawings appear to move and reshape themselves. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces is regularly cited as the first true animated film, and Blackton is considered the first true animator.
Another French artist, Eacute;mile Cohl, began drawing cartoon strips and created a film in 1908 called Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. There were also sections of live action where the animatorrsquo;s hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, which gave the picture a blackboard look. This makes Fantasmagorie the first animated film created using what came to be known as 剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料
动画是2-D或3-D的艺术品或职位建模的一系列的想象的快速的表现来创造一种运动的幻觉。
这个影响是移动上的一种视觉上的错觉由于视觉持续的现象，并且能够在几种方式上被创造和被展示。最常见的方法当前动画是作为一幅移动的图片或是视频节目，尽管有其他的方法。
一位埃及人埋葬在秘密的壁画中，近似于4000年，在行动上展示了摔跤选手。甚至尽管这个可能出现相似于一系列的动画的图案，没有视觉上的方式在运转中的想象。它的确是，然而，在描写运动中表明了艺术家的意图。
早些尝试的的例子去捕获移动的图片，它能够在旧石器时代的洞穴壁画被发现，在重叠的位置上带有多条腿的动物们被描绘，清晰的尝试去表达动画的感觉。
一位埃及人埋葬在秘密的壁画中，近似于4000年，在行动上展示了摔跤选手。甚至尽管这个可能出现相似于一系列的动画的图案，没有视觉上的方式在运转中的想象。它的确是，然而，在描写运动中表明了艺术家的意图。
5000岁的制钵机在伊朗被发现，沿着这边一只山羊被描绘成五种图像。这已经被声称是早期动画的一个例子。然而，后来没有设备存在来展示在运转中的想象，像一系列的想象不能被称作动画在一个真实的世界里。
一面中国的西洋镜类型的设备已经在180 AD中被发明。转盘活动影像镜，教学用喉动态镜，和常见的手翻书是早些流行的动画设备在19世纪被发明。
这些设备生产移动的外观从连续的图片中用技术的手段，但是动画没有真正的发展更长久直到电影艺术的到来。
没有单一的人能够被考虑成电影动画的“创造者”，像有几个人工作在项目中，它能够同时被考虑成动画。
最早期继续存在的单格拍摄广告电影是一种英语的缺乏被阿瑟墨尔本库珀称作火柴：一种呼吁（1899）。开发的布赖恩特和五月火柴梗公司，它涉及到接有点电线的火柴的单格拍制动画在一个黑板上写爱国的行动呼吁。
E1 导师（西班牙语：“信徒”）是1917年阿根廷动画电影利用挖剪图片动画，并且是世界上第一部最佳动画长片电影。
传统动画的一个例子，来自于埃德沃德·迈布里奇的19世纪的照片被转描机技术描绘的一匹马
这个完整品质的摄制一个接一个的被拍照在电影被一台活动照相机倚靠一个被描画的背景。
电脑动画包含大量的技术，统一的因素由于动画在电脑上数字化的被创建。这个动画比前面的传统动画会花更少的时间。
2D动画人物摄影被创作并且/或者被编辑在电脑上用2D位图制图法或用2D向量图形制图法被创作和编辑。这包括了传统的动画技术的自动化的电脑版本例如，插补变形，单项中继线和绘画制转瞄技术。
色彩较暗的动画，用CG软件被用来模仿传统的动画。阴影看起来鲜明，带有更少的混合颜色。
例子包括，苍穹（2007，法国），苹果核战记（2007，日本），塞尔达传说：风之杖（2002，日本）。
动作捕捉，当实景真人穿着特殊的套装被使用这允许电脑在CG中复制他们的运动。例子包括极地快车（2004，美国），贝奥武夫（2007，美国），圣诞颂歌（2009，美国），丁丁历险记（2011，美国）。
2D动画技术倾向于集中于图像处理当3D技术通常建造虚拟世界的特性和物体移动及幕间剧。3D动画能够创造想象这对于观看者似乎是真实的。
在电影动画上描述：这项技术连续镜头被制作由图像直接创建在库存胶片上，例如被麦克拉伦，列恩·雷和斯坦·布拉哈德。
描绘在玻璃上的动画：一项技术用来制作动画片由操纵慢甘油涂在玻璃的版面，例如由亚历山大·彼得洛夫。
擦除动画：这项技术应用于传统的2D技术，随着时间的流逝拍照正如艺术家巧妙的处理图片。例如，威廉·肯特里奇以他的木炭擦除电影而得名，彼得以在石膏上他的动画划痕导演技术而出名。
沙动画：沙子在一片后面或者是前面发光的玻璃上走来走去对每一部动画片创建每一个画面。由于灯的对比生动的创建了一个有趣的效果。
A short gif animation of Earth
Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. This animation takes less time than previous traditional animation.
An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridges 19th century photos
Traditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film against a painted background by a rostrum camera.
Another French artist, Eacute;mile Cohl, began drawing cartoon str
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