More Than Bricks and Mortar: Building a Community of Users Through Library Design
Although libraries seem to be in the middle of a decade of increased building activities which are resulting in both spectacular new buildings and smaller but not less important refurbishment or renovation projects, library design is facing several challenges. Due to the accelerating technical progress, the changing cultures of learning, (co)working, recreation and communication as well as social changes, the predictability of the future use of library space has become uncertain. For over three decades, fully flexible library space seemed to be the answer to those challenges. Harry Faulkner-Brown and later Andrew McDonald (2007) valued flexibility as an important fac- tor in library design. In many ways, open plan structures are in fact more adjustable for later refurbishments and retrofitting. On the other hand, fully flexible buildings appeared to be less attractive work environments. This is mainly a question of architectural typology as many of those buildings which were designed as lsquo;learning machines,rsquo; lsquo;fortresses of knowledgersquo; share the same characteristics as more prosaic public facilities of the 1970s and 1980s. Until the late 1990s, library design was in many cases mainly a question of fitting a room schedule into a structure in the most functional and cost-effective way. The numbers behind the room schedules seemed to be easy to calculate as they were standardized by population or number of students and faculty to be served, size and predicted growth of collection as well as full-time equivalent. The planning process was top-down as library designers, architects and building authorities had great confidence to do the best for the library user. This technocratic approach hardly allowed any user participation in the planning process unless the user, as a patron or member of the faculty, became part of the advisory board or planning commission.
Things changed dramatically since the late 1990s when librarians realized that library buildings had to become more attractive, user-friendly and diversified places in order to survive in a changing context. Libraries as brick-and-mortar buildings came under pressure from two perspectives. The increasing digital resources led some decision-makers to the conclusion that there was no need for physical library spaces in the future and users tended to prefer more welcoming or exciting places like coffee shops, both for learning and recreational activities. At this point librarians and LIS scholars started to think about the changing context and future of library buildings. The first decade of the 21st century saw an increasing number of publications about library space, its qualities, social aspects, and design. But the so-called renaissance of library design took place in the architectsrsquo; studios as well. The new interest in library space led to spectacular buildings of a new type like the Seattle Public Library by Rem Kolhaas/OMA, the Mediatheque in Sendai by Toyo Ito or the Library of Delft University of Technology by Mecanoo Architects. All of them were planned and built in the late 1990s or early 2000s.
Both the uncertainty about coming developments and the pursuit for welcoming, user-friendly environments led to the idea of involving the user in the planning process. Generally speaking there are two main sources for this idea. First and foremost, engagement of users in the design process tends to be seen as a positive input instead of an exhausting disturbance of a project. Architects as well as librarians can deal better with their uncertainty about the typological and functional aspects of the design if they know the later users and their necessities beyond the abstract ideas of social engineering. But there is another aspect in public planning which is becoming more and more important. Particularly on a communal level, decision making is developing from a top-down process to a participatory approach. Planning and funding a new library building or a major refurbishment nowa- days involves more parties than just some local politicians, authorities, and journalists. In this column, both aspects of user involvement in library design are highlighted. The quality approach is about the demand for new types of library space fitting the needs of a libraryrsquo;s target group and the political approach is about new strategies in public planning and community out- reach of a proposed project. Both aspects are not to be seen separately, as plausible involvement leads to political acceptance of a project as well as good library design.
The design of library buildings is an emotive subject, both for staff, users and for the general public. When the pound;189m public library opened in Birmingham in September 2013, media across the UK covered the event with commentary ranging from the aesthetics of the new building, the cost of the project and the place of libraries and print collections in a world where inno- vation is synonymous with technology. Architect Francine Houben described the library as a “peoplersquo;s palace.”
This column looks at participatory design, which reflects a growing trend in the creation of libraries as “peoplersquo;s palaces.” The first section of the article discusses project management processes, and the challenges of engaging with stakeholders. In the second section is an exploration of the political context of participatory design with a current example from Berlin. Finally, the article looks at some of the benefits of participation, both in terms of process and outcomes, in the delivery of cutting-edge facilities suited to a community of users.
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The library can and should be a “catalyst for urban development” as presented compellingly by architect HelleJuul, from Juul Frost Architects Copenhagen, at the LIBER Architecture Group in 2012. Our buildings need to respond to the changing needs of
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超越砖与砂浆:通过图书馆设计打造一个社区
图书馆似乎正处于十年内增加建筑活动的中间阶段,这些活动导致了壮观的新建筑和较小但并非不重要的翻新或翻新项目,但图书馆的设计仍面临着几个挑战。 由于技术进步的加快,学习、工作、娱乐和交流以及社会变化的文化,图书馆空间未来使用的可预测性变得不确定。30多年来,灵活的图书馆空间似乎是应对这些挑战的办法。 哈利·福克纳-布朗以及后来的安德鲁·麦克唐纳(2007)认为灵活性是图书馆设计中的一个重要因素。在许多方面,开放式结构布局更有利于调整,以便以后翻新和改造。另一方面,完全灵活的建筑似乎不具有那么吸引人的工作环境。这主要是一个建筑类型学问题,因为许多被设计为“学习机器”、“知识堡垒”的建筑与1970年代及1980年代更乏味的公共设施具有相同的特点。直到20世纪90年代末,图书馆设计在许多情况下主要是一个问题,即以最实用和最具成本效益的方式将房间明细表安装成一个系统。房间明细表后面的数字似乎很容易计算,因为它们是按人口或将要服务的学生和教员人数、规模和预期的收藏增长以及职工人员而标准化的。规划过程是自上而下的,图书馆设计师、建筑师和建筑事务所有很大的信心为图书馆用户做最好的事情。这样的设计方法很难允许任何用户参与规划过程,除非用户作为赞助人或教员成为咨询委员会或规划委员会的一部分。
自20世纪90年代末图书管理员重新开始以来,情况发生了巨大变化。图书馆管理人员意识到图书馆建筑必须变成更有吸引力、更方便用户和更多样化的地方,以便在不断变化的环境中生存。图书馆作为实体建筑,从两个角度受到了压力。随着数字资源的不断增加,一些决策者得出结论,今后不需要有实体图书馆空间,用户倾向于选择更受欢迎或更令人兴奋的地方,如咖啡店,兼具学习和娱乐活动的功能。在这一点上,图书馆管理人员和LIS学者开始思考图书馆建筑不断变化的环境和未来。在21世纪的第一个十年里,关于图书馆空间、它的质量、社会方面和设计的研究讨论越来越多。所谓的图书馆设计复兴也发生在建筑师工作室。对图书馆空间的新兴趣导致了一种新型的壮观建筑,如Rem Kolhaas/OMA的西雅图公共图书馆、Toyo Ito在仙台的Mediatheque或Mecanoo建筑师的Delft工业大学图书馆。 所有这些都是在1990年代末或2000年代初规划和建造的。
对未来发展的不确定性和对受欢迎的、方便用户的环境的追求都导致了让用户参与规划过程的想法产生。一般来说,这一想法有两个主要来源。首先,用户参与设计过程往往被视为一种积极的投入,而不是一个项目的累人干扰。如果建筑师和图书管理员了解后来的用户及其在社会工程抽象概念之外的需求,他们就能更好地处理他们对设计的类型和功能方面不确定的问题。但在公共规划中还有一个方面变得越来越重要的。尤其是在社区一级,决定制定从自上而下的过程发展到参与性的方法。如今,规划和资助一座新的图书馆大楼或一座图书馆大翻修涉及的方方面面不只是政治家、学术权威和记者。在本专栏中,用户参与图书馆设计有两个方面得到了强调。质量方面是关于对符合图书馆目标群体需求的新型图书馆空间,政治方面是关于公共规划和拟议项目的社区之外的新战略。这两个方面都不能被单独看待,因为合理的参与决定对项目的政策支持以及良好的图书馆设计。
无论是对工作人员、用户还是对公众来说,图书馆建筑的设计都是一个感性的主题。 2013年9月,pound;189m公共图书馆在伯明翰开业时,英国各地的媒体对这一事件进行了评论,从新建筑的美学、项目的成本、图书馆和印刷收藏的位置到这个世界上哪里用了相同的技术。 建筑师弗朗辛·胡本将图书馆描述为“人民的宫殿”。
本专栏探讨了参与式设计,这反映了图书馆作为“人民宫殿”而建立的趋势。本文的第一节讨论了项目管理过程以及与利益相关者接触的挑战。 第二节探讨了参与式设计的政治背景,并以柏林为例。最后,本文从过程和结果两方面探讨了参与提供适合用户群体的尖端设施的一些好处。
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图书馆可以也应该是一个“城市发展的催化剂”,这是由建筑师HelleJuul以及来自Juul Frost建筑师Copen-Hagen,2012年在LIBER建筑集团提出的让人注目的观点。我们的建筑需要响应读者所在社区不断变化的需求:它们应该是多元化社区交换资源的中心。对于学术图书馆,特别是在英国,自学费出现以来,学生不得不支付高等教育费用,这可能会造成一种自相矛盾的情况。一方面,大学图书馆有义务使收费学生能够学习,另一方面,许多大学图书馆正在推动公众参与议程,目的是吸引高等教育部门以外的社区并与其接触。一个值得注意的例子是阿伯丁大学邓肯爵士赖斯图书馆,该图书馆于2012年开放。 新图书馆将大量空间用于公共设施,其特别收藏中心设有一系列学习和活动空间。图书馆欢迎社区团体参观其特别收藏,并定期举办学校和家庭娱乐活动。一楼对任何想参观的人开放,图书馆是所有人都可以访问的地方。
正如尤尔指出的那样,未来图书馆面临的一大挑战是“要有包容性和多面性——作为城市中心,从物理和心理上连接城市的不同部分及其居民”。图书馆应该成为大学校园和城市的协调中心:学术界和社会之间的创新与知识交流可以这生活实验室里发生。这就是未来图书馆应该追求的目标。
除了向所有用户提供技术和资源外,图书馆还有义务促进信息和知识的交流。随着过去25年技术的迅速进步,重点一直是数字提供资源。最近,在过去的10-15年里,在提供可用的社会(或社会学习)空间和小组工作领域方面有了很大的增加。下一步是在图书馆用户中创造一种社区意识:不仅为已经共同工作的个人或群体提供空间,或者能够发现和利用学习资源,而且促进用户之间的偶然互动。在社交媒体是日常生活的一部分的时代,社区意识远远超出了图书馆大楼的实际用户:图书馆应注重为面对面讨论提供高质量的会议空间,还应注重通过利用新技术的潜力,使用户能够以他们不在家或在工作场所的情况试用新的交流方式来举行虚拟会议。
位于伍斯特的Hive作为欧洲第一个联合大学和公共图书馆于2012年开放,由伍斯特大学和伍斯特郡委员会联合创建,展现了很多特点。从2005年起,项目领导层开始了“一些公众咨询活动hellip;hellip;包括“是什么使伍斯特郡与众不同”的A-Z专题讨论会;有关项目的问答环节;项目计划蓝图;利益相关者会议”(伍斯特图书馆和历史中心,2009年)。该过程的成果是一个奖项的设计与适合用途的便利设施。例如,商业中心在现代建筑内为当地企业提供会议设施,以及提供高科技设备和商业管理收藏。除此之外,图书馆还可以通过其流动人员为不同的阶级提供服务。此外,Hive通过大学商学院和县议会经济发展小组(Hive,2012)提供专家咨询和咨询服务。通过了解当地社区的需求,Hive得以开发一系列服务,汇集了多种用户的需求。
总之,成功的图书馆并不只是提供信息,而是作为用户群体活跃智慧生活的推动者和催化剂。 伯蒂和科斯塔(2009)绘制了亚历山大图书馆与现代图书馆的相似之处。作者强调,“协作环境不仅是可取的,而且是保持高水平研究的必要条件。”
许多现代学术图书馆认识到这一点,并提供了合作空间:跨学科工作和协作的主题是赫尔辛基大学图书馆佳兆业大厦设计的指导原则(Sinikara,2013年)。大学采用“服务设计方法”来捕捉用户需求,并将这一输入归纳为以下关键词“多样性、灵活性、可兑换性和对行动的支持”。大型社区图书馆大楼的轻型、开放式设计当然符合这些标准。同样令人震惊的是,尽管这座建筑十分宏伟以及有着各种不同的互动区域,但也有许多私密的学习区域,可以根据明确的要求进行安静的个人学习。也很明显,图书馆的工作人员区域和服务点受到了极大的关注。这一特点体现在实际建设中,即图书馆工作人员向用户提供的服务对于确保图书馆空间有效运作至关重要。
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