Application of Traditional Chinese Gardening Elements in Modern Garden Design
- GARDENING FEATURES OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE GARDEN
Traditional Chinese garden is not only a product of history and culture, but also a microcosm precipitated through the Chinese tradition and culture. As peoplersquo;s pursuit for living environmental quality continues to improve, use of traditional garden design ideas in the modern garden design is just one example of such pursuit. Having experienced a wave of post-modern architecture of the West, the traditional garden design has returned to its original state. People begin to abandon the so-called architectural form and function and chase compounds/ mansion once owned only by tycoons in southeast China in the past. Now, traditional garden courtyards have become the true reflector of the entire housing quality there.
The classical Chinese garden was a landscape garden style created during the Shang Dynasty more than three thousand years ago. It includes the royal gardens owned by the emperors or the imperial family, and the private gardens created by government officials, scholars, poets, merchants, etc.. The traditional Chinese garden is one of the masterpieces of Chinese culture, which integrated art, nature, and ideas perfectly to create ensembles of beauty and harmony. Not only its design and construction techniques, but also its artistic effect has made great influence on the development of landscaping in China.
Traditional Chinese garden usually integrates houses and gardens, combining leisure, recreation and residence together. The reason for this kind of residential building landscape lies in lack of natural landscape for people living in densely populated cities. They are unable to enjoy the pleasure in admiring natural scenery and inaccessible in relaxed living environment and visual experience.
China attaches great importance to cultural atmosphere construction in the traditional courtyard, such as nomination and plaques (horizontal inscribed board hanging on the hall, indicating its function or character of its owner) of the hall of a building. Such cultural atmosphere construction means to serve as an important way to add fun to garden culture, as well as to retain history and culture, house design and gardening fun, which has a significant impact on cultural life, material life and spiritual pursuit today.
Due to the influence of philosophical thoughts, culture and art, and landscaping techniques at different times, traditional Chinese garden design is endowed with a distinctive time feature, among which the most representative one is private gardens of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Courtyards of private gardens designed and built during that period were deeply affected by the socio-cultural and economic development. Artistic construction in landscaping design, winding-path-leadingto-a-secluded-quiet-place landscaping technique and exquisite carving as a fashion implicitly form the vivid beauty, fresh and elegant. Representatives of traditional garden courtyards are Humble Administratorrsquo;s Garden in Suzhou, Ying Garden in Yangzhou, etc. In traditional courtyards, man-made landscapes are the principal part and pavilions, other buildings silhouetted against each other as to form a complete and unified garden art, which reflects thoughts and cultural tastes of its owner, the prevailing cultural trends and economic development, and the cultural accomplishment and spiritual sustenance of the master of the garden.
- BASIC GARDENING ELEMENTS OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE GARDEN
The design of Chinese garden was to provide a spiritual utopia one to connect with nature, to come back to onersquo;s inner heart. Traditional Chinese garden landscape composes of four major elements: architecture, waterscape, plants and rocks, with significant geographical and cultural characteristics and imitative in landscape design.
A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, rock works, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries. The traditional Chinese garden presented a series of perfectly composed scenery step by step to the visitors instead of letting them see all at once. The famous Ming dynasty garden designer Ji Chengrsquo;s instruction is to “hide the vulgar and the common as far as the eye can see, and includes the excellent and the splendid.” (Hardie, 1988)
Architecture is a very important and inherent part in the traditional courtyard, and plays an irreplaceable role. Classical gardens traditionally have these structures: the ceremony hall, the principal pavilion, the pavilion of flowers, the pavilion facing the four directions, the lotus pavilion, and the pavilion of mandarin ducks. Towers, galleries, bridges, Windows and doors are also important architectural feature of the Chinese garden. In traditional courtyards, buildings are often integrated with other scenes to form a style based on the architecture. In modern garden design, buildings generally do not have the functional significance, but it can obviously present a similar architectural space. This is the inheritance and development of traditional culture.
Waterscape is one of the important elements of the traditional landscape garden design. Chinese garden usually features a central pond or lake and several streams. The main buildings are usually placed beside it, and pavilions surround the lake to see it from different points of view. The traditional garden waterscape design shows superb artistic design and construction techniques in terms of the use of natural water bodies. Various water bodies have differed handling methods, but each method focuses on combined
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中国传统园林元素在现代园林设计中的应用
- 中国传统园林特征
中国传统园林不仅是历史文化的产物，还是我国历史文化所产生的一个缩影。随着人们对于生活环境质量上的追求不断提高，传统园林设计理念在现代园林景观设计中的运用正是这种追求中的一个例证，在经历了西方后现代建筑的浪潮之后，传统园林设计已经重新回到了它的最初状态。人们开始放弃所谓的建筑形式和功能，去追求过去那些只有中国南方的富豪人家才能拥有的组合式豪宅。现在，传统的园林庭院已经成为那里整体房屋质量的真实反映。
中国古典园林是三千多年前商代所创造的一种风景园林风格。它包括了古代皇帝和皇亲国戚才能拥有的皇家园林，以及由政府官员、学者、诗人、商人等等所创建的私家园林。中国传统园林是中华文化的代表杰作之一，它将艺术、自然和思想完美地结合在一起，创造出一个美丽和谐的整体。这不仅仅在于它的设计和施工技术，还在于它的艺术效果给中国风景绿化带来了巨大的影响。
中国传统园林通常是房屋和花园的结合，将休闲、娱乐同住宅融合在一起，而造成这种居住建筑景观的原因在于那些居住在人口稠密城市的人们缺乏自然景观，他们不能够享受到令人赞赏的自然风光，也不能接受到让人放松的生活环境和视觉体验。
中国重视传统院落的文化氛围建设，就如说建筑物大厅的提名和牌匾（悬挂在大厅上的水平刻字板，表明了它们对于主人的功能或特点）。这种文化氛围的营造，既是为园林文化增添趣味的重要途径，也是保留历史文化、房屋设计和园林趣味的重要途径，对当今的文化生活、物质生活和精神追求都产生了重大影响。
由于受到哲学思想、文化和艺术、以及风景园林技术在不同时期的影响，传统中国园林设计被赋予了独特的时代特征，其中最具有代表性的是明清时期的私家园林，私家园林庭院的设计和建造在这个时期受到了社会文化和经济发展很深的影响。园林设计中的艺术构建、曲径通幽的园林技术和精雕细琢作为一种时尚，含蓄地形成了生动美、清新美和优雅美。传统园林的代表性建筑有苏州拙政园，扬州影园等等。在传统园林当中，人造景观是主体部分和亭台楼阁，其他建筑相互映衬，形成完整统一的园林艺术，这些都反映了园林主人的思想和文化品位，也反映了当时的文化潮流和经济发展以及主人的文化修养和精神寄托。
- 中国传统园林的基本造园要素
中国园林的设计是为了提供一个与自然相通、回归内心的精神乌托邦。中国传统园林景观由建筑、水景、植物、岩石四大要素构成，具有鲜明的地域文化特色，在园林设计中具有模仿性。
一个典型的中国园林是被墙围起来的，其中包括一个或多个池塘、岩石、树丛和花朵，以及园林内部各种各样的大厅和亭台楼阁，它们通过蜿蜒的小径和曲折的长廊相互连接在一起。中国传统园林所展现的完美风景并不是让游客一下子领略到，而是一步一步地向游客进行展示。明朝的著名园林设计师计成的指导思想是“把庸俗和普通藏到看不到的地方去，把卓越的和伟大的都囊括进去。”
建筑是传统庭院的重要组成部分，扮演着不可替代的角色。古典园林在传统上有这些结构：礼堂、主亭、花亭、四通亭、荷花亭、鸳鸯亭。塔、廊、桥、窗、门也是中国园林的重要建筑特色。在传统的庭院中，建筑往往与其他场景结合，形成一种以建筑为基础的风格，而在现代园林设计中，建筑一般不具有功能意义，但却能明显地呈现出类似的建筑空间。这是对传统文化的继承和发展。
水景是传统园林景观设计中的一个重要元素。中国的园林通常具有一个中央池塘或湖泊以及几条小溪，主要的建筑物通常位于在湖边，这样以便于湖边的亭台楼阁可以从不同的角度看到水景。传统的园林水景设计在利用自然水体方面表现出高超的艺术设计和施工技术，各种水体的处理方法各不相同，但每种方法都侧重于水景观的组合视图效果，并论证了水元素的选择。郭熙在《林泉高致》中说到，“山以水为生，水以山为美。”在传统的园林水景设计中，水的静态美和流动美是普遍体现的。
在传统的园林当中，植物常作为欣赏的风景存在。园林里间隔合适的树有不同的形状和高度，随处可见。考虑到不同的季节和花期，让花朵可以一直绽放，使园内的美景在任何季节都能欣赏到。在传统园林设计中，花卉的选择和使用明显具有拟人化倾向，例如：竹子代表坚强而坚韧的性格；松树代表长寿、坚持和尊严；梅树代表重生、更新和意志的力量。在植物分组中，植物的间距和高度被很好地安排，形成一个屏幕状的分散景观，使景观既有独立的运动感，又有联系的运动感，形成有不同层次的空间景观形态。单独种植的景观以造型、叶片和花朵为主，而组团种植的景观则侧重于优美的风景。在中国传统园林设计中，“堤柳近湾”、“桃李下小径”、“屋周修枝”、“竹为窗”等景观基本反映了植物的造景设计。
园林中的石头是表达传统形式不可或缺的一部分，并且反映了传统文化对园林设计的深刻影响。就岩石而言，我们的祖先竭尽全力的去利用它的功能，挖掘出各种形状的岩石之美。在园林景观中，岩石是园林中特殊布置的主体，也可以配以水和植物，形成具有一定意境的优美景观，同时，它还起到改变景物、设置障碍的作用。当观者在景观中穿行时，光影交错，产生一种不可预知、扑朔迷离、错综复杂的感觉，从而展现出园林造景的魅力。
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