CHAPTER FOUR
第4章
现代布鲁克林的荷兰家园
不朽的历史
Buildings are among the largest and most expensive objects produced by humans. Human use and wear, the actions of weather, the second law of thermodynamics, faltering regimes of maintenance and memory, and various forms of obsolescence all militate against preservation. The surest route to preservation is for individuals, communities, or institutions to actively cultivate a place for continuing use, for history and memory, within their own culture. Even this does not guarantee success. Preservation requires both insight and resources; the process is part cultural, part physical, part political, and part economic. Culturally rapid and unsettling changes to familiar places can spur preservation campaigns. Geographer David Lowenthal has noted that the 'impulse to preserve' can grow out of a 'reaction' to change; he argues, 'In the face of massive change we cling to the remaining familiar vestiges. And we compensate for what is gone with an interest in its history.' Similarly, historian Michael Kammen points out that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, American 'resistance to change actually provided a powerful impetus for the preservation movement.' Exploring New York Citys chaotic late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century growth, preservation planner and historian Randall Mason argues that beyond resistance, preservation actually eased the transition to urban modernity by 'fusing celebrations of the past with optimism about the future.' Whether preservation resists or facilitates change, it clearly needs to resonate with some cultural, social, or economic vision. Preservation does not happen by itself; familiar and valued landmarks often stand at considerable peril in the face of simple physical deterioration or broader shifts in values.
建筑是人类创造的最大最奢华的东西。人类活动、天气变化、热学第二定律和日益衰弱的维护与保存制度、各种形式的退化，这些因素都影响着建筑遗产保护。目前最可靠的保护途径就是在他们自己的文化遗迹范围内积极地为个人、社会以及机构建立可以继续使用历史和遗迹的地方。但即便如此依然不能保证有效地保护历史遗迹。对建筑遗产的保护需要智谋和洞察力，这个过程既有文化特性、自然特性，也有政治特性和经济特性。因而熟悉地方区域的飞速发展以及不确定变化反而可以推动保护活动的进行。地理学家戴维·罗温索（Geographer David Lowenthal）已注意到“保护的推动力”产生自对变化的反应上。他认为，“面对巨大变化时我们都倾向于对熟悉的遗迹进行维持，那只不过是我们保持了一种对已经失去的历史的兴趣！'同样地，历史学家迈克尔·科曼（Michael Kammen）指出，在19世纪晚期至20世纪早期美国抵制变化活动实际上给保护遗迹运动提供了强有力的推动力。纵观纽约城19世纪晚期至20世纪早期的大混乱局面，保护规划者及历史学家兰德尔·曼森（Randall Mason）认为除了抵抗之外，遗迹保护事实上通过融合对过去的传承精神和对未来持乐观态度这种方式，缓解都市由传统到现代化的转折。保护是抑制还是促进变化，这无疑需要掺杂一些文化的、社会的以及经济的观点。保护并不会自主进行，在面对自身单纯的退化或较广泛的价值改变时，那些我们熟悉的和有价值的历史遗迹往往处于相当危险的局面中。
This chapter focuses on the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York, during a period of dramatic change in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Flatbush, a largely rural agricultural area settled initially by Dutch immigrants who built architecturally distinct frame houses, grew from 6,000 residents in 1880 to well over 200,000 in the 1920s. Following the 1878 completion of a rail line between Flatbush and downtown Brooklyn, later extended to Manhattan, developers gave the towns rural agricultural landscape an increasingly sub-urban and even urban form. The town of Flatbush was annexed to Brooklyn in 1894 and then consolidated into New York City in 1898.4 In the midst of such extraordinary transformation, one might expect the emergence of a vital preservation movement focused on the areas numerous Dutch homesteads. However, between the 1880s and 1920s, over fifty prominent Dutch-American farmhouses, dating from the eighteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, were demolished, leaving a landscape largely devoid of the architectural traces of a quarter millennium of local settlement and history. The story of Flatbush helps highlight the formidable obstacles to preservation and the destructive influence of changing patterns of social, cultural, and economic endeavor. In Flatbush, and indeed in many developing landscapes, isolated acts of preservation were often less striking than the sheer relentless devaluation of all vestiges of the preceding architectural, landscape, and economic order. Understanding historic preservations past and anticipating its future comes not simply from narrating preservation success stories but from understanding the devaluation and destruction of cultural heritage.
本章重点放在纽约布鲁克林弗拉特布什（Flatbush）区，在19世纪晚期到20世纪早期的一段价值转变时期。弗拉特布什是一片广阔的农业区，荷兰移民最早移居到那里并建立了独特的构架房屋，居民数也由1880年的6000人增加到20世纪20年代的200000人。伴随着1878年弗拉特布什和布鲁克林中心之间的一条铁路线的建成，其随后扩展到曼哈顿，开发商带给这个镇乡村农业景观越来越多的城市近郊区甚至都市景观形式。1894年时弗拉特布什镇是附属于布鲁克林的而后在1898年与纽约城合并。四在这样一个大转变时期，人们期待着一场聚焦在荷兰家园的重要保护运动的出现。然而，19世纪80年代到20世纪20年代期间，超过50个建于18世纪至19世纪早期的经典荷兰美式庄园被毁坏，留下一大片完全抹掉了250年历史建筑痕迹的土地。弗拉特布什的例子突出了保护过程中难以克服的困难和来自于社会、文化、经济方面不断变化的形态的严重影响。事实上，在弗拉特布什很多正在开发的上地中，比起前述建筑、景观、经济法规的遗迹完全且持续的严重贬值，单独的保护几乎没有显著的成效。要了解历史保护的过去并促进其未来建设，不单单源于列举遗迹保护成功案例，更要从文化遗产的贬值和破坏中反省。
4.1. Lefferts homestead, built c. 1785. Preservationists removed the nineteenth-century wing, at the left, before moving the house to Prospect Park in 1918. Photograph, c. 1895. Courtesy Prospect Park Archives.
图4.1 莱弗茨住宅（Lefferts）建成于1785年。在1918年将它迁往展望公园（Prospect Park）前，保护学家移除了建于19世纪的左侧部分。照片摄于1895年。（来自）展望公园档案馆（Courtesy Prospect Park Archives）
Even amid the change and nostalgia that Lowenthal and Kammen have identified as fertile ground for preservation, most preservation efforts in Flatbush either never really got started or quickly floundered. Longtime Flatbush residents and the hordes of newcomers did not see the tangible remains of local history and memory as essential, or even particularly relevant, aspects of their modern world.Despite exhortations from preservationists, most Flatbush residents did little to preserve history in the form of old buildings. Lafayettes 1824-1825 tour had helped frame both local and national narratives that became central to the civic and political dramas of thei
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