一个西方人对莫言的思考外文翻译资料

 2022-11-16 15:14:39

A Westernerrsquo;s Reflection on Mo Yan

October 12, 2012 Robert Con Davis-Undiano

When it was announced yesterday that Mo Yan is this years winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, it echoed the case made by WLT executive director Robert Con Davis-Undiano, who delivered the following paper at Beijing Normal University in spring 2012. Mo Yan was also featured in the July 2009 issue of WLT.

Since 1986, Mo Yan has gradually been recognized as one of the significant writers in the world—often ranked with Yu Hua and Su Tong as an influential voice in Chinarsquo;s post-Cultural Revolution period that started in 1976. He is frequently praised by international critics as the writer of his generation most likely to reach the first rank as “a truly great writer” (Inge 74:3, 501). His supporters cite the scope and clarity of his vision, his innovative narratives, especially in the novel, and his remarkable productivity. His translated works in English include Red Sorghum, The Garlic Ballads, Explosions and Other Stories, The Republic of Wine, Shifu: Youll Do Anything for a Laugh, Big Breasts amp; Wide Hips, and Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out, along with many other published works in China, including White Dog Swing, Thirteen Steps, Man and Beast, Soaring, Iron Child, The Cure, Love Story, Shen Garden, and Abandoned Child. Among serious writers, his ability to write challenging works that continue to surprise with their quality and variety is stunning.

Given Mo Yanrsquo;s stature and productivity, I propose that we view him as a possible test case to gauge the depth and quality of Western engagement with Chinese literature. He is only one writer, but Western critics have responded strongly to his work, and how critics and readers react to a major writer is always revealing. A Frenchman in the nineteenth century unhappy about reading Jane Austen and unwilling to read Charles Dickens was probably not open to English literature in any form. I will argue that the Western active appreciation of Mo Yan signals a Western openness to Chinese literature and a deepening engagement with Chinese culture.

I will also argue that Mo Yanrsquo;s Red Sorghum (1986) is especially valuable for probing the Western response to his work and Chinese literature, owing to the significance of this novel in his production overall, the bookrsquo;s grand scope, and the Western attention that the film Red Sorghum has already brought to the novel. Deeply influenced by reading William Faulkner and Gabriel Garciacute;a Maacute;rquez, especially by their creation of large fictional worlds like Yoknapatawpha County and Macondo, Mo Yan views Red Sorghum as part of “a full saga [that] is far from finished,” with as many as three sequels still to come (Inge 74:3, 502). Red Sorghum is a large novel with a Tolstoyan scope, and if any sequels appear, it will instantly become one of the grand fictions of our time. Even without sequels, this novelrsquo;s focus on the Gaomi Township in Shandong Province suggests Chinarsquo;s direction as a country—making Gaomi Township, as Howard Goldblatt explains, “a metaphor for Chinarsquo;s fate” (260). Over time, I believe that this book will be recognized as one of Mo Yanrsquo;s masterpieces.

My task here is to examine the Western response to this novel, mainly American-based scholarly articles that have addressed this book—its content, form, and vision—since its translation into English by Howard Goldblatt in 1993. Western criticism and interpretation of Mo Yanrsquo;s work are robust, and I will discuss them in the four areas that George Steiner names as the inevitable difficulties of understanding any literature. 1) First is cultural knowledge, what George Steiner calls a “contingent difficulty” (27)—in this case, efforts to unpack and gloss the Chinese cultural and historical contexts of Mo Yanrsquo;s work. This is cultural information, as Steiner notes, that one could “look up” in history books and references sources. For a Western reader, access to such knowledge is critical in that Western critics and readers often know little outside of European culture. 2) Next are discussions of literary forms that Mo Yan uses, what Steiner calls a “modal difficulty” (29). This area would typically include discussions of Mo Yanrsquo;s version of the novel and short story and how he adapts them for his purposes. 3) Third is what Steiner calls a “tactical difficulty” (33)—in this case, how Mo Yan deploys narrative to shape his material, probe it, and raise questions. 4) Finally, there is what Steiner calls an “ontological difficulty” (41)—Mo Yanrsquo;s broader vision and what he may be saying about China and its future. This is the grand perspective where we see the significance and direction of Mo Yanrsquo;s work overall.

Accessing Chinese culture and history to read Mo Yanrsquo;s work is not difficult, but it is a critical task for understanding his novels. A paucity of background knowledge will lead to misreading and misunderstandings on every page. For example, Red Sorghum is set during the second Sino-Japanese War that ran from 1937 through 1945, the time immediately preceding Mo Yanrsquo;s childhood. This is a dark time when the Japanese attacked China with mass killings and unthinkable cruelty. Without a functioning central government, each regional township in China was unable to keep order and protect its people. With conflicts arising even among townships and Chinese warlords, and with failed social and civil institutions, the Chinese were at Japanrsquo;s mercy, and the depth of hunger, poverty, and suffering inflicted on China is beyond simple description. Such a story cannot be a single plot line or tragedy, so all understanding of this novel must begin with awareness of this complicated human drama during the years 1937-1945.

Such complex historical material does not fit neatly into book reviews, scholarly essays, or even extended literary criticism as usually practiced in the West. Western scholarly publ

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一个西方人对莫言的思考

Robert Con Davis-Undiano

从1986开始,莫言就逐渐被公认为世界上最重要的作家之一,他和余华和苏童是中国后文化革命时期的一个有影响力的声音,开始于1976。他经常被国际评论家评论为他那一代最有可能是“一个真正伟大的达到一级的作家”(英格74:3,501)。他的支持者引用了他的视野和清晰的视野,他的创新的叙述,特别是在小说中,他的卓越的生产力。他的译作英语包括《红高粱》、《天堂蒜薹之歌》、《爆炸》和其他故事,《酒》,《师傅越来越幽默》,《丰乳肥臀》,《生死疲劳》,与其他许多发表的作品,在中国,包括《白狗秋千架》,《十三步》,《人与兽》hellip;hellip;在严肃的作家中,他写具有挑战性的作品的能力,使人惊讶与他们的质量和品种是惊人的。

鉴于莫言的地位和生产力,我建议我们把他作为一个可能的测试案例来衡量深度和质量的西方参与与中国文学。他只是一位作家,但西方评论家对他的作品有强烈的反响,评论家和读者对一个主要作家的反应总是很明显。第十九个世纪的法国人不高兴读简奥斯丁,也不愿意读狄更斯查尔斯的作品,在任何形式的英语文学作品中都是不可以打开的。我会说,西方人对的莫言积极的欣赏是西方人对中国文学的开放性和对中国文化的深入接触。

我还认为,莫言的《红高粱(1986)》是特别有价值的,因为这部小说的意义,在他的作品和中国文学,这本书的大范围,以及西方的关注,电影《红高粱》已经带来了新的深刻的影响通过阅读威廉·福克纳和加西亚·马尔克斯,尤其是他们的创作大型的虚构世界像约克纳帕塔法县和马孔多,莫言认为《红高粱》为“全传奇”还远远没有完成,“多达三个续集还要来到。”红高粱是一个大的小说与托尔斯泰的范围,即使没有续集,这部小说的重点在山东省高密市表明中国作为一个国家制造高密还乡的倾向,葛浩文解释说,“隐喻中国的命运”。随着时间的推移,我相信这本书将被公认为莫言的杰作之一。

读莫言的作品了解中国文化和历史是不难的,但理解他的小说是一个重要的任务。背景知识的缺乏会导致误解和误解的每一页。例如,红色的高粱是在二战中,从1937到1945,在莫言的童年时代紧接着的战争中被设置的。这是一个黑暗的时间,日本袭击中国的大规模屠杀和不可想象的残酷。如果没有一个正常的中央政府,中国各地区的乡镇都无法维持秩序和保护人民。即使在乡镇和中国军阀之间的冲突,以及与失败的社会和民间机构,中国人在日本的怜悯,和饥饿,贫穷和苦难的深度,对中国是超越简单的描述。这样的故事可以是一个单一的情节线或悲剧,所以理解这部小说必须开始与这个复杂的人类戏剧意识相结合,在1937-1945年。

这种复杂的历史资料不适合整齐地融入书的评论,学术论文,甚至扩展的文学批评,这是在西方通常实行的。西方学术刊物注重文学的美学和人物与叙事的讨论,有时对文学理论,批评人士经常不准备在任何方面讨论中国。因此,西方与《红高粱》的遭遇并不是一有成效的,即使有知识的评论家们讨论莫言的作品。这一疏忽并不是任何一个人的过错,而是反映了西方长期以来的失败,把重点放在中国的文化和历史上,作为理解中国文学的相关背景。

难点之二史坦纳博士称之为“模态”有关的文学体裁(“模式”)是更明确的关于莫言。莫言选择写小说和短篇小说,而不是戏剧、诗歌等等,而问题在于他是否在西方的实践中,在小说和短篇小说创作的传统形式,或者说他的作品是混合的。厄普代克认为,莫言对小说的事实是,在中国小说“没有维多利亚全盛时期教礼仪”,它背后有历史。结果,莫言“愉快地自由地与伴随性、出生、疾病和暴力死亡的身体细节”(3)。厄普代克对莫言的自由度的观察与西方小说相比,中国小说与西方的小说几乎没有同胞。例如,对于中国小说,有没有“崛起的小说”,从中产阶级起源于第十八世纪,没有启示,并没有维多利亚时代的完善,在第十九世纪末的小说的技术。作为一个真正的现代现象,中国小说家莫言是公认的西方读者,当然,但没有内容和形式上相同的约束。但中国在现代西方国家的现代西方的影响,如《水浒》,《西游记》,《红楼梦》,和其他人都有一个根深蒂固的传统的白话小说。所以即使小说不是中国现在的什么,也有中国小说的典范作品。

因此,在实验中,随着各种各样的批评家指出,中国小说也经常模仿西方的小说,这一趋势更为大胆的尝试。例如,莫言把威廉福克纳的影响归功于他的工作,但他并没有简单地模仿福克纳。莫言的风格是“令人费解的是,作为在意识流的莫言的意象是丰富的,要淹没读者的丰富,和文字反映了一个超现实的视觉,用具体的细节从外部世界的同时,也使我们进入了情感的困惑和焦虑内在的真实”。换句话说,这种密集的散文是莫言自己的风格,即使它显示出福克纳的痕迹(英1990,18)。

叙事技巧的话题引出接下来斯坦纳称为“战术难题”,在这种情况下,莫言如何运用技术形态和叙事材料的探讨。评论家们经常注意到莫言把神话和现实主义和实践在他的高度实验性的叙述版本的中国“后现代主义”中实现。在《红高粱》中,例如,有一种观点著名的创意手法,以叙述者提供知识和反应从他的祖父母,他不可能知道,和《酒国》抛弃现实叙事一起把“莫言”作为小说的人讨论这部小说的知名作家的小说创作在一个字符,李一。这是字符、小区试验、和审美距离,是后现代主义作家如唐纳德巴塞尔姆和约翰巴斯回忆第四墙。

然而,虽然这样的实验有一个后现代的外观,莫言一贯引用民间传说和中国的故事告诉传统,最传统的来源,作为他的主要影响。这样,莫言的模态困难(通常在西方后现代的技术相关的)酷似“寻根文学”像韩少功相关的作者,因为他们都出现“通过文言和口头文学传统和西方读者比喻利用后现代”。莫言,例如,学习中国传统故事作为一个年轻的孩子,“我的祖父母和我的父亲都是伟大的讲故事的人。但我祖父的弟弟hellip;hellip;我是一个讲故事的高手,一个老中草药医生的职业使他陷入与各行各业的人接触。” “在冬天的晚上,在山东省的家中,“我们孩子求他告诉我们一个故事”(2010,224),从这个故事大师莫言一个人的“记忆起三百故事。”(225)。

莫言已经写了“在表面上,《红高粱》似乎是对日本的战争。但在现实中,它的民间传说和传说告诉我的家人。当然,这也是我对爱情和自由生活的渴望(2010,226)。莫言在这里与作者的直接关于工艺而不是批评家的角度对文学的影响强调生产而文学接受的一面。所以他引用事实与中国民俗学的任务问题(他小时候听过的故事)作为自己的“内容”,因此《红高粱》容易被塑造的工艺和部分作品,他有意识的控制。很难准确地知道莫言在这里所说的“爱”和“自由”,但我敢打赌,他是在谈论个人和社会关系,在民间社会,因为我将返回到不久。

这部小说的接受西方,尤其是美国,是仍然事件方式下,但西方读者欣赏,这是一本与托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》或陀思妥耶夫斯基的《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》或《罪与罚》相媲美的书。也就是说,《红高粱》试图填补一个巨大的历史画布,还告诉一个特殊的故事,重点事件发生在中国的第二十世纪初。所有这一切都发生在一本书,要求一种非常强烈的重点放在直接区域故事背景巨大的民族灾难。

对于西方读者,《红高粱》是一个惊人的和强大的故事,与许多西方的期望,是一个伟大的中国小说。避免简单的分类和结论,有一个紧迫的挑战如何西方人会认为或遇到这部小说。把小说中的“发展”作为一种叙事、历史和文明的视野,这一具有挑战性的、辉煌的小说是西方价值观和西方价值观和身份的强有力替代的一个强有力的替代品,是一种新的“发展”的历史和文明的愿景。

最后,红高粱是一种新的,将成功地抵制所有试图驯服它成为一个工作,熟悉,安慰,或易于管理的西方读者。它创建了一个视觉负崇高与人体,挑战西方读者看到超出限定范围的欧洲繁荣和美国例外论。这本早期的小说由莫言是一本书,一个广泛的角度来看,专注于什么是离开时,文化的单板剥离离开一个社会,和唯一的边界留下的是那些直接施加的能力,忍受痛苦和生存。

有了这个困难和具有挑战性的愿景,莫言打开了一扇门,西方与中国文化的接触,因为很少有人做。他的特别礼物是可以搞一次多层次的文化和有能力赎回悲情大规模从纯粹的痛苦的地牢。莫言的凝视的质朴无华成一段中国历史是无情的,可怕的,但同样清楚的是眼睛的参与在现代世界,西方文化是不善于看到或甚至想看到现实。

2012年12月

——《世界当今文学》

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