狐和明清小说外文翻译资料

 2022-12-27 16:14:42

Foxes and Ming-Qing Fiction

A thesis presented

by

Rania Ann Huntington

to

The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the decree of

Doctor of Philosophy

in the subject of

Chinese Literature

Harvard University

Cambridge, Massachusetts

October, 1996

Abstract

The fox capable of assuming human form holds a central place in the imaginative cosmos of premodern China. It stands between beast and man, the dead and the living,the monstrous and the divine.Although there was already a prolific tradition of fox stories in earlier Chinese literature, in the Ming and Qing dynasties both the quantity and diversity of these stories increased dramatically. The fox serves as a lens with which to focus on the literary and cultural history of the period from the early seventeenth through the late nineteenth century. My dissertation is structured around themes of the fox tale rather than individual authors or periods. However, Ji Yun(1724-1805), who made an unparalleled attempt to create a rational and coherent vision of the fox tradition, is a guiding voice.

The first chapter introduces the fox through a survey of earlier lore and two individual authors definitions. In my second chapter, I argue that the literary phenomenon is intimately related to the development of the popular cult of the fox as a protective and providing deity inhabiting peoples homes. Chapter three examines the strong associations of the shape-changing fox with sexuality. In chapter four I explore how that the association of foxes with sex was converted into the vixen as romantic ideal. The fifth chapter discusses the analogical uses of fox tales to discuss human issues. The final step of the foxes humanization, discussed in the conclusion, was their conversion into an aspect of the human mind, summoned by human desires and banished by human self-control.

All of these themes are bound together by the foxes increasing physical, cultural, and psychic proximity to human beings. In the Qing human order has expanded to contain even creatures who were originally the embodiments of alien chaos, but the fox preserved its ambivalent nature, exposing the tendency of order to fall back into chaos,for the familiar to again become the strange.

Table of Contends

1. Introduction Page 1

2. Chapter One: What is a Fox? Page 24

3. Chapter Two: The Domestic Fox and Fox Worship Page 61

4. Chapter Three: Foxes and Sex Page 131

S. Chapter Four. The Fox Romance Page180

6. Chapter Five: The Fox as Analogy Page 242

7. Conclusion Page 289

8. Bibliography Page 302

THE FOX AS ANALOGY

Introduction: When is a fox not a fox?

Human authors can hardly avoid placing humanity in a central place even in literature about other species. It is a commonplace to say that stories about foxes (or other strange beings) are not really concerned with foxes, but rather with the human world. This chapter will deal with fox stories in which the plot and foxes themselves are not the main point, but only a means of discussing issues in the human world. The material in the chapters on fox worship and the fox romance naturally also focuses on human fears and desires, yet there is interest in the fox itself as an object for those fears and desires. In this chapter I will attempt to go beyond the conclusion that fox stories are really about humans to ask what they express about humans and what techniques they use to do so.

In the classical tale tradition significance beyond the plot of the story will almost inevitably be moral.In his work on didacticism in Ji Yun, Chan distinguishes two levels of possible meaning in the tale beyond the plot for its own sake: explicit moral meaning in the events of the tale; and symbolic meaning which is often explicated in the authorial commentary. The first kind of meaning has a very long history in the Chinese tradition. Some of the most ancient roots of the zhiguai tradition lie in the practices of recording and interpreting omens, anomalous occurrences or creatures which were taken as judgments on the moral behavior of the ruler, and hence as foretelling his fate . The sheer appearance of the supernatural was itself interpreted as a moral message.In the Six Dynasties zhiguai were often used in the service of various religious agendas, Daoist,Buddhist, or Confucian.The marvels served to illustrate the truth of a particular philosophy.The simplest common denominator in such tales is that good is rewarded and evil punished. Plots of moral retribution remained extremely popular throughout the history of zhiguai; there were Kangxi collections which took this theme as their exclusive focus.

Symbolic meaning is less central to the tradition and more problematic. The possibility of allegorical meaning is an intrinsic part of another branch of zhiguais ancestry,the yuyan (lodged words, allegories) of Zhuangzi, which express his philosophy in terms of(and sometimes through the words of) fantastic birds, giant tortoises, shadows, and one-legged beasts. Although firmly regarded as one of the foundations of fiction, (Zhuangzi is even the original source of the term of zhiguai,) Zhuangzis yuyan are not a tradition which is directly continued in the Six Dynasties zhiguai. In the Tang famous narratives which were considered allegorical (notably the guwen essays of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan) were considered in a different category than chuanqi ; As Chan points out,

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Rania Ann Huntington

东亚语言文明系

博士论文

主题:中国文学

哈佛大学

1996.10

狐和明清小说

摘要

狐假设人类形态的能力在现代中国富有想象力的宇宙中占中心位置。它处于人与兽,生与死,神圣与荒谬之间。尽管在早期中国文学就已经有一个多写狐故事的传统,但是在明清时期,这些写狐小说的数量与种类急剧增加。从17世纪早期到19世纪晚期,狐就像一个拍摄这段时期文学与文化历史的镜头。我的论文是围绕主题狐的故事而不是单个作者和时间。然而,纪昀(1724-1805),做了一个无与伦比的尝试。他试图去创造一种理性与连贯的狐传统,是一个指导的声音。

第一章通过一个调查和两个作者的定义来介绍狐。在我的第二章,我认为文学现象和日益发展流行的狐崇拜,即狐作为提供神和保护神存在于人类家园中,密切相关。第三章考察了变形的狐与性的强烈关联。在第四章我探索狐与性的关联怎样被转换成作为浪漫理想的雌狐。第五章探讨了狐故事的类比使用来讨论人类的事情。最后一步,狐的人性化,探讨的结论是,他们转换到人类思维的一个方面,被人类的欲望召集起来,被人类的自我控制放逐出去。

所有这些主题都被狐增加的接近人类的生理、文化以及心理绑在一起。在清朝,人类秩序甚至已经扩展到最初外星人混乱的化身等生物上,但是狐却保存了其矛盾的性质,暴露要重新陷入混乱的倾向,为了用习惯的来防止变得陌生的。

目录

1.介绍hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;P1

2.第一章:什么是狐?hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;P24

3.第二章:驯养的狐与狐崇拜hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;P61

4.第三章:狐和性hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;P131

5.第四章:狐浪漫hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;P180

6.第五章:狐的类比hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;P242

7.结论hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;P289

8.参考书目hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;hellip;P302

狐的类比

介绍:什么时候是狐什么时候不是狐?

人类作者很难避免把人类放在中心位置,甚至在写其他物种的文学上面都是这样。说是关于狐(或者其他生物)的故事并不是真的写狐,而是写人类世界,这是司空见惯的事情。本章将处理的狐狸的故事情节和狐狸本身不是重点,而是讨论人类世界问题的一种手段。狐崇拜和狐浪漫这两章的材料自然也关注人类的恐惧和欲望,然而,有趣的是狐本身作为这些恐惧和欲望的对象。在这个章节中,我将试图超越的结论是,狐的故事其实是关于人类询问他们表达了什么以及他们常常使用的方法。

在纪昀的作品中,对启蒙主义Chan超出故事情节之外,出于自身利益考虑来区分可能意义的两个级别:明确的道德意义事件的故事,和象征意义往往是藉由著作者的评论。这第一种意义在中国传统有悠久的历史。志怪传统里一些最古老的根源是基于实践记录和解释预兆,作为判断道德行为的尺度异常事件或生物,因此预言他的命运。超自然的纯粹的出现本身就是解释为一种道德信息。在六朝志怪通常是用于服务的各种宗教议程,道教、佛教、儒家。这些奇迹用来说明一个特定的哲学真理。这样的故事中最简单的共同标准是不错的奖励和邪恶的惩罚。一些道德惩罚在整个志怪历史都非常流行。康熙集合收藏了这个主题作为他们独家的焦点。

象征意义在传统不是那么中心,而且有更多的不确定。寓意的可能性是志怪源头另一个分支的内在部分,庄子的寓言(提出的话,寓言)通过)神奇的鸟,巨大的乌龟,阴影,独腿野兽来表达他的哲学道理(有时候也通过话语)。尽管庄子的寓言被坚定地认为是小说的基础之一,(庄子甚至是志怪的原始来源)但是庄子的寓言并不是直接传承到六朝志怪的传统。在唐朝的著名叙述中被认为是寓言(尤其是韩愈和柳宗元的古文)被认为是在一个不同的类别传奇;Chan指出,直到清朝,“纯”寓言对于志怪传统来说仍然是有问题的,因为志怪是记录真实的事件,而不是创造事件。然而Plaks认为中国传统的寓言并不是一个绝对的比喻世界或者绝对现实世界,而是两个真实平面的互连。志怪里的象征意义必须在不破坏叙事事实的主张下来理解。清朝古典故事里能看到更加广泛使用人类世界与其他世界的对比,不仅仅是简单的人类行为的超自然结果。

当“说教”被用来描述文学作品时通常当作贬义词;这是最好的分开我们和清朝志怪读者的分水岭。Leo Chan关于纪昀的作品是最早用英语将启蒙主义当作一个有价值的研究对象,而不是将它完全当作文学性质的对立面,因为这样会很无趣;我将遵守他的先例。作为志怪话题之一,狐在故事里有明确和象征的意义。我将探索非人类是如何被用来描述人类并且调查狐被认为特别适合去探索的问题。本章将分析人与狐人与狐比较的内容和方法。因为解释奇怪的传说是纪昀的长处,他的作品将会是本章的重点。尽管他和其他作者在很多人狐比较的话题上有共性,但是他是最稳定地坚持给狐故事更广泛的意义,并且他在情节内容和解释方面的延伸是无与伦比的。

狐道德

狐故事道德上的使用是由两个截然不同的关于狐本性的道德假设形成的。首先,狐是一个平行世界,有着和人类同样的善与恶。第二,狐固有的道德低劣是和人类相对的。因此比较是双极的,借鉴了狐传统的恶性,他们最近更加吸收了善性,并且允许从人类视角。或者狐的某方面可以和人类相对;或者人类的弱点和狐的破坏相比,并且宣布人类的弱点更糟,或者当狐是好的一面时,人类被谴责不如狐。

在远早于清朝,人类世界和其他世界在心理和制度上具有相似性的假设就存在了,而且不是独独针对狐。频繁地观察直到今天的民俗传说,比较天堂地狱的繁文缛节和人类世界的,在一定程度上他们似乎有相同的设备。从很早的时候,各种世界的系统就被人类广泛地相信是可以比较的,但是在清朝这种相关性就下降到之限定于狐。狐增加的相似人类的性质使得狐世界有可能作为一个完整的人类世界的镜像。狐与人比较的正确性的关键是个体差异和道德选择。声称始于最早的狐辩护者,当狐不再被假设为固有的邪恶的,而是被认为面临和人类一样的道德选择。(任氏写了这种可能性的最早陈述之一。)狐和人类有相同的道德范围的评论被狐和人类作者频繁重申。纪昀用这一原则来打开狐学者在狐本性上的长期论述,这在第一章详细地讨论了。有时候道德相等的陈述会被放在狐欺诈本性的陈述旁边,表明一个持续矛盾的狐的道德性。秋坪新语,(一个和纪昀同时代的人写的)比如,在一个相当简单的故事里说关于人类从一个山洞的超自然居民那里借盘子,据传是狐,“狐是会用幻觉来哄骗的怪异生物,但是在洞里的这些生物不伤害人,他们甚至使人受益。他莫非是可以判断正义与邪恶的外星物种?”这个一般性的陈述被个别的例子证明是错误的。就像在对比贪欲和典型狐狸精时所说明的那样,在一般情况下,假设狐是道德卑下的人类的矛盾,然而有相似的道德变化的范围似乎非常普遍。在某种程度上,给予狐这种道德范围是狐传统矛盾链最简单的解释,但是我相信这不仅仅意味着这些。完全与道德无关的生物被排除了,操作着人类道德以外的标准,狐就像人一样有善与恶。而且狐可以善可以恶的可能性对于有趣的故事至关重要的。

Wai-yee Li 写道:“聊斋特别关注把差异性的预测领域归入道德法。”在聊斋之后更是如此。就和人类有同样范围的善与恶一样,狐也同样必须为他们的行为面临恰当的后果。业力的法则控制着狐破坏性的恶作剧和他们同样破坏性的好处,因此在某种程度上他们不被允许使用未经批准的更高的权力去做好事或者恶事。惩罚的化身可以证实狐的地位在表面上是低于人类的,但是当人类可以以狐的形态重生,或者狐可以以人的形态重生,成为狐作为一个本质上不同的条件的意义被削弱了。人和狐与命运的关系本质上的区别是狐是天命有意识的工具然而人类是无知的一直到狐解释因和果。像是最超自然的存在,狐是业力法则的声音和它的主题。

鉴于这种道德相等,在很多意义上,狐故事伴随着公开的道德信息一点也不奇怪。狐可以诠释美德本身,或者判断并且回报人类的美德。狐在典型故事里精确地诠释了和人类一样的美德:孝顺,对朋友的忠诚,感恩等等。美德它本身的质量是不变的,除了有一只狐说明美德添加一个出其不意的元素;这种美德被设置在非传统的框架。然而,特别强调性的忠诚和贞洁,因为突然增加的元素更多是狐放荡的声誉。当孝道出现时,经常是狐儿媳对人类公婆的忠诚;纯粹的发生在狐家庭里的事情不被认为是有趣的。一个故事的说教力的加强只通过奇异性和狐声誉的背景:纪昀评论,说书先生会创造好的狐狸精的故事来让人类感到羞愧。

感恩是一个特例,随着另一边狐复仇的主题。似乎和人类与其他生物关系的相互性这个强大的民俗传说主题相关,这些生物是会说话的动物或者超自然生物。最普遍的例子就是狐对那些释放它们或者帮助它们避免被闪电击中的人的报答。这种故事的重点似乎不在狐的报恩,而是人类如何获取和处理它们的回报。不像狐的纯洁与诚实他们感恩是理所当然的,但特殊情况下作为值得的评论会被提出来。当狐表现出报复的时候,他们似乎更多被当做宇宙结构的一部分,而不是作为个体。

狐神崇拜导致了狐扮演着道德法官和判断的对象角色。他们扮演仙女教母的角色,惩恶扬善。典型的狐恶作剧可能会被用在奖赏或者惩罚的服务上,但是被奖赏的美德在人类标准范围内,特别注意对孝道的回报。例如,在阅微草堂笔记,一个善良的儿媳被无形的狐帮助碾磨粮谷。一些故事采取“好姐姐和恶妹妹”的民间传说形式,善良的人被奖励而当恶人试图霸占共同的奖赏的时候会被嘲笑和惩罚。狐的奖励和狐的复仇是清朝作者的民间传说固有的,但是纪昀和他同时代的人将狐写作更大命运的工具,用来平息这些权力任意的无秩序的方面。

在本章我将讨论的大部分的故事不会依赖直接使用狐作为道德的演员。然而狐被和人类相同的道德原则所管理这种假设,为所有更复杂的比较奠定了基础。

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