第二性 第七章(走向解放)-结论外文翻译资料

 2022-12-27 16:23:08

The Second Sex

Part VII(Towards liberation) - Conclusion

Page 673-678

Author:Simone de Beauvoir

Translated and edited by H.M.Parshley in 1953

Publisher: Jonathan cape

Originally published in France as Le Deuxiegrave;me Sexe in 1949

lsquo;NO, WOMAN is not our brother; through indolence and deceit we have made of her a being apart, unknown, having no weapon other than her sex, which not only means constant warfare but unfair warfare – adoring or hating, but never a straight friend, a being in a legion with esprit de corps and freemasonry – the defiant gestures of the eternal little slave.rsquo;

Many men would still subscribe to these words of Laforgue; many think that there will always be lsquo;strife and disputersquo;, as Montaigne put it, and that fraternity will never be possible. The fact is that today neither men nor women are satisfied with each other. But the question is to know whether there is an original curse that condemns them to rend each other or whether the conflicts in which they are opposed merely mark a transitional moment in human history.

Legends notwithstanding, no physiological destiny imposes an eternal hostility upon Male and Female as such; even the famous praying mantis devours her male only for want of other food and for the good of the species: it is to this, the species, that all individuals are subordinated, from the top to the bottom of the scale of animal life. Moreover, humanity is something more than a mere species: it is a historical development; it is to be defined by the manner in which it deals with its natural, fixed characteristics, its facticiteacute;. Indeed, even with the most extreme bad faith, it is impossible to demonstrate the existence of a rivalry between the human male and female of a truly physiological nature. Further, their hostilitymay be allocated rather to that intermediate terrain between biology and psychology: psychoanalysis. Woman, we are told, envies man his penis and wishes to castrate him; but the childish desire for the penis is important in the life of the adult woman only if she feels her femininity as a mutilation; and then it is as a symbol of all the privileges of manhood that she wishes to appropriate the male organ. We may readily agree that her dream of castration has this symbolic significance: she wishes, it is thought, to deprive the male of his transcendence.

But her desire, as we have seen, is much more ambiguous: she wishes, in a contradictory fashion, to have this transcendence, which is to suppose that she at once respects it and denies it, that she intends at once to throw herself into it and keep it within herself. This is to say that the drama does not unfold on a sexual level; further, sexuality has never seemed to us to define a destiny, to furnish in itself the key to human behaviour, but to express the totality of a situation that it only helps to define. The battle of the sexes is not implicit in the anatomy of man and woman. The truth is that when one evokes it, one takes for granted that in the timeless realm of Ideas a battle is being waged between those vague essences the Eternal Feminine and the Eternal Masculine; and one neglects the fact that this titanic combat assumes on earth two totally different forms, corresponding with two different moments of history.

The woman who is shut up in immanence endeavours to hold man in that prison also; thus the prison will become interchangeable with the world, and woman will no longer suffer from being confined there: mother, wife, sweetheart are the jailers. Society, being codified by man, decrees that woman is inferior: she can do away with this inferiority only by destroying the malersquo;s superiority. She sets about mutilating, dominating man, she contradicts him, she denies his truth and his values. But in doing this she is only defending herself; it was neither a changeless essence nor a mistaken choice that doomed her to immanence, to inferiority. They were imposed upon her. All oppression creates a state of war. And this is no exception. The existent who is regarded as inessential cannot fail to demand the re-establishment of her sovereignty.

Today the combat takes a different shape; instead of wishing to put man in a prison, woman endeavours to escape from one; she no longer seeks to drag him into the realms of immanence but to emerge, herself, into the light of transcendence. Now the attitude of the males creates a new conflict: it is with a bad grace that the man lets her go. He is very well pleased to remain the sovereign subject, the absolute superior, the essential being; he refuses to accept his companion as an equal in any concrete way. She replies to his lack of confidence in her by assuming an aggressive attitude. It is no longer a question of a war between individuals each shut up in his or her sphere: a caste claiming its rights attacks and is resisted by the privileged caste. Here two transcendences are face to face; instead of displaying mutual recognition, each free being wishes to dominate the other.

This difference of attitude is manifest on the sexual plane as on the spiritual plane. The lsquo;femininersquo; woman in making herself prey tries to reduce man, also, to her carnal passivity; she occupies herself in catching him in her trap, in enchaining him by means of the desire she arouses in him in submissively making herself a thing. The emancipated woman, on the contrary, wants to be active, a taker, and refuses the passivity man means to impose on her. The lsquo;modernrsquo; woman accepts masculine values: she pridesherself on thinking, taking action, working, creating, on the same terms as men; instead of seeking to disparage them, she declares herself their equal.

In so far as she expresses herself in definite action, this claim is legitimate, and male insolence must then bear the blame. But in menrsquo;s defence it must be said that women are wont to confuse the issue. Many women, in order to

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第二性

第七章(走向解放)-结论

673至678页

作者:西蒙娜·德·波伏娃

由H.M.帕什利在1953年翻译并编辑

出版社:乔纳森·凯普出版社

最早出版于1949年的法国,命名为第二性

不,女人不是我们的兄弟;通过懒惰和堕落,我们已把她变成了另一种人,一种未知的人(她除了性欲没有别的武器,而这种武器不但意味着不断争斗,而且也是永远长不大的小奴隶用以猜疑,用以崇拜或憎恨的不光明正大的武器),但决不是我们的坦诚伙伴,决不是具有团结精神与和衷共济精神的人。
许多男人仍然会同意拉幅格的这番话;许多男人会认为,“争斗和争论”将会永远存在——如蒙田所指出的,并且根本不可能实现博爱。事实上今天男女彼此都感觉到不满意。但问题是要搞清楚,是否有一种固有的祸根在让他们受互相 分裂之罚,或者,让他们对抗的那些冲突,是否仅仅标志着人类历史的转折关头。

我们已经看到,尽管有着种种传说,但生理学命运并没有这样把永久的敌意强加在雌雄两性身上;甚至有名的祈祷螳螂在吞噬它的雄性时,也仅仅是由于缺乏其他的食物和为物种的利益:在一切等级的动物生命当中,所有的个体都在受着这种控制,即受着物种的控制。而且人类不仅仅是物种,它也是历史发展;它应当取决于它对自身的自然的、固定不变的特征,以及对自身的人造特征的态度。其实,即便是对世界极其没有诚意,也不可能证明存在于人类两性间的对抗,具有名副其实的生理学性质。而且,宁可说他们的敌意可能要划入生物学和心理学之间的中间领域:精神分析学。我们被告知说,女人嫉妒男人的阴茎并希望阉割他;但是,只有在成年女人认为她的女性气质是一种不健全时,对阴茎的这种幼稚欲望,才会在她的生活中起重要作用;而那时她会希望把男性器官当做男人所有特权的象征来加以占用;我们可以毫不勉强地认为,她的阉割梦想有着这样一种象征性的含义:据猜想,她希望剥夺男性的超越性。

但是,如我们看到过的,她的欲望是十分暧昧的:她希望以一种自相矛盾的方式拥有这种超越性,这就是说,她既重视它又否定它,既想投身于它,又想把它局限在她自身的范围里。这就是说,这一戏剧性活动并不是在性的层面上展开的;而且在我们看来,性的特征不能决定命运,本身也不能为解释人类行为提供重要线索,而只能表现它仅仅在帮助决定的整体处境。两性斗争并不直接含有男女人体结构有差别的意味。实际上,当一个人引起这种斗争时,他认为在无始无终的理念王国,永恒的女性气质和永恒的男性气质这两种含糊本质之间的斗争是理所当然的;他忽略了这一事实,即这种重大斗争,相应于两种不同的历史关头,毕竟有着两种完全不同的形式。
一个被封闭于内在性的女人,也会极力把男人关在那个牢笼中;这样一来,那个牢笼便会和世界混为一体,女人也不会再因为被囚禁在那里而痛苦,因为母亲、妻子和情妇变成了看守。社会根据男人制定的法典宣判女人是低人一等的,所以她只有摧毁男性的优越地位才能消除这种劣等性。于是她去攻击使她不健全的、对她进行支配的男人,她和他大唱对台戏,她拒绝接受他的真理和价值。但她这样做仅仅是为了自卫;使她注定是内在的、低人一等的,既不是固定不变的本质,也不是错误的选择。它们是硬加在她身上的。被看做次要者的生存者,不能不要求重树她的主权地位。

今天,这种斗争采取了另一种形式;女人不是希望把男人囚禁起来,而是努力逃避他。她不想再把他拖入内在性王国,而是她自己显露出超越性。然而男性的态度却制造了新的冲突:男人不愿意把她松开。他非常乐意仍去做一个主权的主体,绝对的优越者,主要者;他拒绝承认他的伙伴在任何具体方面是一个和他平等的人。她则以进攻的态度来回答他的不信任。这不再是一个各自在各自范围里的两个人之间的战争问题:要求自身权利的等级从战壕里跳出来,有特权的等级则在进行抵抗。在这里,两种超越在面对面的斗争;自由的每一方都不想承认对方,并都想支配对方。

这另一种态度不但表现在精神方面,也表现在性方面。“女性化的”女人在把自己变成猎物的同时,也想用自己的肉体被动性去降服男人;她在顺从地变成猎物的同时,也在忙于激起他的欲望,以此为手段将他捕入罗网,把他给束缚住。相反,解放型的女人却想成为主动者和占有者,她拒绝接受男人想硬塞给她的被动性。所以,爱丽丝以及模仿者拒绝承认男性那种类型的活动具有价值;她们将肉体置于精神之上,把偶然性置于自由之上,把她们的日常智慧置于大胆创作之上。但是“现代的”女人也承认男人的价值:她为自己以男人的方式去思考、行动、工作和创造感到骄傲;她不是蔑视他们,而是自称是和他们平等的。
  就她以明确行动表现自己而言,这种要求是合法的,不过男性的傲慢肯定要为此承担责任。但男人也必然会辩解说,女人常把问题搅得一团糟。一个叫梅布尔·道奇·卢汉的人,想用她的女性魅力征服D·H·劳伦斯,以便以后能在精神上支配他;许多女人为了成功地证明她们和男人是平等的,都尝试以性为手段去取得男性的资助;她们玩弄两面手法,既要老式的尊重也要新式的尊重,即靠她们的旧魔力,也靠她们的新权利。男人当然要愤然自卫;但他也是口是心非,他一方面要求女人公平竞争,另一方面又由于不信任和敌意而拒绝给予她们以必要的王牌。其实,他们之间不可能发生明显的斗争,因为女人的存在是含糊的;她在男人面前不是主体,而是荒谬地带有主观性的客体;她把自己即当做自我,又当做他者,这种矛盾产生了令人费解的后果。即使她把自己的弱点和强点都当做武器,也算不上老谋深算,因为她在积极争取主权地位的同时,也在不由自主地为她的受骗和被动寻找借口;这种做法固然不属于正当策略,但这是由她既定的暧昧处境所决定的。然而,当男人把她作为自由的独立者来看待,同时又看到她对他仍是陷阱时,他是愤怒的;如果她摆出一副猎物的架势时他让她感到满意和满足,那么他会觉得她的自主要求是令人恼火的;无论他做什么,他都有受骗感,而她则会产生受虐感。
  要男女彼此不承认对方是同等的人,也就是说,只要女性气质照这样一直存在,这种不和就会继续下去。哪个性别会更渴望维持女性气质呢?女人虽然正在从这种气质得到解放,但依旧希望保持它所带来的特权;如果那样,男人会希望她会对它加以限制。“谴责一个性别比原谅一个性别要容易,”蒙田说。赞美和谴责都是徒劳的。实际上,如果说这种恶性循环十分难以打破,那是因为两性的每一方都是对方的牺牲品,同时又都是自身的牺牲品。在两个以完全自由面目出现的互相对抗的敌手之间,可以很容易达成协议:如果战争对双方都无益,则更是如此。但是,整个恋爱事件的复杂性来自于这一事实,即每一方都在为对方提供帮助和舒适;女人在追求屈从的梦想,男人则在追求认同的梦想。贫乏的真实性没有得到补偿:每一方都在屈从于舒适诱惑的同时,指责对方引起了不幸;男女彼此都讨厌对方使自己的不真诚和卑鄙遭受到了毁灭性的失败。

我们首先已经看到了男人为什么会对女人进行奴役;女性贬值是人类进化的必要一步,但它也可以导致两性间的合作;所谓的压迫应当解释成生存者通过认同于他人(他因此压迫他人),来逃避自我的倾向。在每一个作为个体的男人身上,今天都有这种倾向;而且大多数人还屈服于这一倾向。丈夫想通过妻子,情人想通过情妇,发现自己具有永久不变的偶像形式;他要用她去寻找他的男性气质、他的主权地位、他的即刻实现的神话。“我丈夫根本不看电影,”他的妻子说,因而把含糊的男性见解铭刻在永恒的大理石上。但他本人也是他的双我的奴隶:要树立使他充满危险的形象是多么费力啊!尽管他在所有方面都是成功的,这一形象也仍要取决于女人反复无常的自由:他必须时刻注意让这一形象有利于自己。男人念念不忘让自己显得像个男性,显得重要和优越;他是如此做作,以至于得到了做作的回报;他也是有攻击性的、不安的;他之所以对女人怀有敌意,是因为他害怕她们;他之所以害怕她们,是因为他害怕他自己所认同于的那个人、那个形象。在消除、升华和转移种种情结时,在谈论女人时,在诱惑她们时,在害怕她们时,他花费了多少时间和精力啊!他想在解放她们的同时让自己得到解放,但这又正是他所恐惧的。所以他顽固地坚持那种神秘物,以便把女人继续束缚在锁链中。

许多男人已经意识到她在受骗。“做女人是多么不幸啊!然而,当一个人身为女人时,其不幸还在于她实际上并没有认识到这就是一种不幸,”克尔恺郭尔说。长期以来人们一直在努力掩饰这种不幸。例如,监护制度虽然早已废除了,女人却一直有着“保护人”,如果他们被赋予旧时监护人的权利,这是为了女人本人的利益。不准她参加工作,让她呆在家里,这是为了让她免受她自己的伤害,并为了确保她的幸福。我们已经看到,人们是把多么美妙的面纱抛到了她那单调乏味的家务和母性负担上面的:她用她的自由换来了“女性化”这笔虚假财富。巴尔扎克十分生动地描述了这种诡计,他劝告男人要把她当做奴隶对待,同时又让她相信她是王后。许多男人并不那么玩世不恭,他们想承认她确实有特权。美国的有些社会学家今天在传授“下层阶级利益”理论。法国也经常有人宣称工人很幸运(虽然不那么科学),因为他们没有必要去“保持仪容”,乞丐则更幸运,因为他们可以衣衫褴褛地睡在人行道上,所享受的快乐是德·博蒙伯爵和温德尔家族万万享受不到的。和快活地抓着身上跳蚤的无所顾忌的穷人一样,和挨鞭子抽时仍在笑的可怜黑人一样,和埋藏自己的饿死的孩子时仍面带笑容的乐天的突尼斯阿拉伯人一样,女人也有那种无法比拟的特权,即没有责任感。她虽然摆脱了讨厌的负担和操劳的束缚,不过仍具有“那好的一面”。但令人不安的是,由于延续了几个世纪并在所有国家都存在的一种顽固变态(它无疑和原罪有关),那些有好的一面的人们始终在向他们的保护人求援:“我受不了了!你给点东西让我吃饱吧!”但是,慷慨的资本家,宽厚的殖民者,超等的男性却在手里紧握着他们的枪:“继续保持好的一面,把它坚持下去!”
必须承认,男性更多地是把女人看做同谋,这和压迫者对被压迫者的通常看法不一样。他们由此得到授权,虚伪地宣称,她一直在渴望得到他们所硬加给她的命运。我们已经看到,她受的教育的所有主要特征,都联合起来阻止她走上反抗和冒险的道路。社会通常(从受她尊重的父母开始)虚伪地向她赞美爱情、献身、自我奉献的崇高价值,进而向她隐瞒了这一事实,即无论是情人或丈夫,还是她的孩子,都不愿意接受这一切沉重负担。她之所以愿意乐于相信这些谎言,是因为它们在诱使她走容易走的下坡路:在这方面其他人对她犯下了最严重的罪行;在她从小到现在的整个一生中,他们都把这种服从当做她的真正使命(这对每一个对自由感到焦虑的生存者都是很诱人的),以此去损害她,收买她。如果一个孩子从小就被教得懒惰,整天寻欢作乐,不去学习,也不去证明自己是有用的,那么长大以后,很难说是他自己愿意无能和无知的;可是女人就是这么被教育大的,她从来没有对必须为自己的生存负责留下什么深刻印象。所以,她很容易让自己去依靠他人的保护、爱情、帮助和监督,很容易让自己迷恋于自我实现的希望而不去做任何事情。她在屈服于这种诱惑时犯了错误,但是男人不配去指责她,因为是他让她受到了诱惑。当他们产生冲突时,每一方都会让对方为这种处境负责;她会指责他,是他让她变成了这个样子:“没有人教我去推理和自谋生计”;他则会指责她,她已接受了这种后果:“你什么也不懂,你是个无能的人”等等。每一个性别都认为它能够通过采取这种攻势来为自己辩护;但是,一方所犯的错误不能成为为对方的罪责进行开脱的理由。

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